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Polygenic Traits01:18

Polygenic Traits

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When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered hundreds of loci that influence height, and there are believed to be many more. Due to the high number of genes involved, as well as environmental and nutritional factors, height varies significantly within a given population. The distribution of height forms a bell-shaped curve, with relatively few individuals in the population at the...
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Heritability is a statistical concept that measures the degree to which genetic differences among individuals contribute to trait variations within a population. It is a fundamental idea in genetics, often prone to misinterpretation. Heritability is expressed as a percentage, reflecting the proportion of variation in a specific trait across a population that can be linked to genetic differences. However, it's important to understand that heritability does not determine how "genetic"...
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In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
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Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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The Use of Traditional Fear Tests to Evaluate Different Emotional Circuits in Cattle
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Genome-wide association study identifies quantitative trait loci affecting cattle temperament.

Jia-Fei Shen1, Qiu-Ming Chen2, Feng-Wei Zhang1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.

Zoological Research
|November 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified genetic factors influencing cattle temperament using genome-wide association studies. Key genes like SORCS3 and SESTD1 were linked to temperament, offering insights for breeding better-tempered cattle.

Keywords:
Cattle temperamentNovel object testOpen field testSESTD1SORCS3

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Area of Science:

  • Animal Genetics
  • Behavioral Science
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Cattle temperament is crucial for production efficiency, worker safety, and animal welfare.
  • The genetic underpinnings of cattle temperament remain largely uncharacterized.
  • Understanding temperament genetics can improve breeding strategies and animal management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify genetic loci associated with cattle temperament.
  • To explore the biological pathways and candidate genes involved in temperament regulation.
  • To identify specific genes and genomic regions that can be targeted for selective breeding.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide association study (GWAS) using autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from whole-genome sequencing data.
  • Assessment of cattle temperament through standardized open field and novel object tests.
  • Gene set enrichment analysis and transcriptomic data analysis to identify relevant biological pathways and tissue expression patterns.

Main Results:

  • Identified 37 genome-wide significant loci for open field tests and 29 for novel object tests.
  • The neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway was significantly enriched, suggesting its role in emotional control.
  • Candidate genes, including SORCS3 and SESTD1, were highlighted, with expression patterns enriched in the brain.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides valuable insights into the genetic architecture of cattle temperament.
  • Identified genetic loci and pathways can inform breeding programs aimed at improving cattle temperament.
  • Findings contribute to enhancing cattle welfare, safety, and productivity through genetic selection.