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Superconductor01:24

Superconductor

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A substance that reaches superconductivity, a state in which magnetic fields cannot penetrate, and there is no electrical resistance, is referred to as a superconductor. In 1911, Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University, a Dutch physicist, observed a relation between the temperature and the resistance of the element mercury. The mercury sample was then cooled in liquid helium to study the linear dependence of resistance on temperature. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased, the...
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A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...
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The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
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When a conductor is placed in an external electric field, the free charges in the conductor redistribute and very quickly reach electrostatic equilibrium. The resulting charge distribution and its electric field have many interesting properties, which can be investigated with the help of Gauss's law.
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A stationary charge creates and interacts with the electric field, while a moving charge creates a magnetic field.
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Consider a conductor in electrostatic equilibrium. The net electric field inside a conductor vanishes, and extra charges on the conductor reside on its outer surface, regardless of where they originate.
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Kondo Cloud in a Superconductor.

Cătălin Paşcu Moca1,2, Ireneusz Weymann3, Miklós Antal Werner1,4

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The Kondo cloud, a key feature of the Kondo effect, exists in both screened and unscreened phases within superconductors. Its integrity, or compensation, is universal and linked to impurity properties, offering new insights into quantum phase transitions.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Materials
  • Superconductivity

Background:

  • The Kondo effect describes magnetic impurities screened by conduction electrons, forming a Kondo cloud.
  • In superconductors, the Kondo state transforms into Yu-Shiba-Rusinov states, leading to quantum phase transitions.
  • These transitions occur between screened and unscreened phases based on the superconducting energy gap and Kondo temperature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the existence and nature of the Kondo cloud in both screened and unscreened phases of a superconductor.
  • To characterize the integrity of the Kondo cloud using a universal quantity called compensation.
  • To explore the relationship between compensation, the Kondo cloud, and magnetic impurity properties.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of the Kondo effect in superconducting systems.
  • Introduction and application of the compensation quantity to quantify Kondo cloud integrity.
  • Exploration of experimental monitoring via bias spectroscopy of magnetic impurity g-factors.

Main Results:

  • The Kondo cloud persists even in the unscreened phase, contrary to expectations.
  • Screening is complete in the screened phase but only partial in the unscreened phase.
  • Compensation is a universal quantity directly related to the magnetic impurity's g-factor.

Conclusions:

  • The Kondo cloud is a robust feature across quantum phases in superconductors.
  • Partial screening in the unscreened phase highlights complex many-body interactions.
  • Compensation offers a universal experimental handle to probe magnetic impurities and their screening behavior.