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Infection

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...

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Lilium spp., as unnoticed environmental vector, spreading OptrA-carrying Enterococcus spp.

Yang Yu¹, Xin-Qing Ye¹, Hua-Qing Liang¹

¹Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.

The Science of the Total Environment

|November 12, 2021

Summary

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, specifically optrA, were found in Enterococcus bacteria isolated from fresh flowers. This highlights a potential environmental pathway for AMR dissemination to humans.

Keywords:

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR)Enterococcus Environmental dissemination Flower optrA

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Area of Science:

Microbiology
Environmental Science
Public Health

Background:

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global health threat.
The role of environmental sources, such as fresh flowers, in AMR dissemination is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the prevalence of AMR genes, particularly those conferring resistance to linezolid (cfr, optrA, poxtA), in Enterococcus species from fresh flowers.
To understand the genetic mechanisms of AMR gene dissemination in these isolates.

Main Methods:

Screening of fresh flowers (Lilium spp.) from various locations in Guangzhou, China.
Isolation and identification of Enterococcus species.
Antimicrobial resistance gene detection (cfr, optrA, poxtA) using molecular methods.
Genotyping of resistant isolates using Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE).
Analysis of AMR gene location (chromosomal vs. plasmid) and mobile genetic elements.

Main Results:

223 Enterococcus isolates were recovered, with over 50% exhibiting multidrug resistance.
31 optrA-positive Enterococcus strains (22 E. faecalis, 9 E. mundtii) were detected; cfr and poxtA were absent.
The optrA gene was predominantly found on the chromosome, often associated with Tn554 family elements.
Plasmid-borne optrA was identified in 6 E. faecalis strains, with IS1216 family elements implicated in horizontal transfer.

Conclusions:

Fresh flowers harbor drug-resistant Enterococcus, posing a potential risk for AMR dissemination to humans.
The presence of optrA in flower-associated Enterococcus highlights environmental reservoirs for clinically relevant resistance genes.
Understanding floral AMR pathways is crucial for mitigating public health risks associated with antimicrobial resistance.