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Related Concept Videos

Volatilization01:10

Volatilization

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Volatilization gravimetry is an analytical technique that measures the mass lost due to the volatilization of the substance. This technique is used to estimate the amount of volatile material in a sample. To perform this method, heat a known amount of the sample to a high temperature in a crucible or other suitable vessel. The volatile substance in the sample evaporates, and the vapor is completely expelled from the crucible either by heating the sample or bubbling a stream of inert gas through...
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Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
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Ideal Solutions02:24

Ideal Solutions

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According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...
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Vapor Pressure Lowering03:28

Vapor Pressure Lowering

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The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates:
 
Dissolving a nonvolatile substance in volatile liquid results in a lowering of the liquid’s vapor pressure. This phenomenon can be explained by considering the effect of added solute molecules on the liquid's vaporization and condensation processes. To vaporize, solvent molecules must be present at the surface of the solution....
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Vaporization01:18

Vaporization

36.1K
The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...
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Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria01:01

Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria

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Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, we begin by heating a miscible mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points (at least 20°C). As the solution heats up and reaches the bubble point of the more volatile component, some molecules of the more volatile component transition into the gas phase and travel upward into the condenser, which is a glass tube...
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Two-dimensional analytical solution for subsurface volatile organic compounds vapor diffusion from a point source in

Shi-Jin Feng1, Zhang-Wen Zhu1, Hong-Xin Chen1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
|November 12, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study presents a new analytical model for simulating volatile organic compound (VOC) vapor diffusion in unsaturated soils. The model improves predictions for layered soils, offering insights into contaminant migration pathways.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Hydrogeology

Background:

  • Subsurface volatile organic compound (VOC) migration in unsaturated soils is a significant environmental concern.
  • Existing analytical models for simulating VOC vapor diffusion are limited, particularly for layered soil conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a two-dimensional analytical solution for simulating vapor diffusion from subsurface contaminant sources in layered unsaturated zones.
  • To investigate the influence of various factors on subsurface vapor migration.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a two-dimensional analytical model simplifying the contaminant source as a point source with a constant leak rate.
  • Analyzed the impact of stagnant air layer thickness, groundwater table depth, source characteristics, and soil layering on vapor migration.
  • Evaluated the effectiveness of diffusion pathway indexes for assessing horizontal vapor diffusion intensity.

Main Results:

  • Soil type does not influence the normalized vapor concentration profile in homogeneous soil but is significant in layered soil.
  • The width and effective diffusivity of diffusion pathways are key indicators of horizontal vapor diffusion intensity.
  • A single-layer capillary fringe assumption overestimates vapor plumes, especially in fine soils.

Conclusions:

  • The developed model provides a more accurate simulation of VOC vapor migration in layered unsaturated soils.
  • For fine soils, a layered approach based on water-filled porosity is recommended over a single-layer capillary fringe assumption.
  • The study offers valuable insights for assessing and managing subsurface vapor contamination.