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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Pericarditis I: Introduction01:22

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Pericarditis is defined as the inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. This condition can cause significant chest pain and other symptoms, often necessitating medical intervention. The pericardium has two layers: the inner visceral layer and the outer parietal layer, separated by a small amount of fluid that reduces friction during heartbeats.Types of PericarditisPericarditis can be classified into several types based on the duration and nature of the...
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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Pericarditis III: Medical Management01:17

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The primary objectives of managing pericarditis are to determine the underlying cause, provide effective therapy for treatment and symptom relief, and promptly detect signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade. The following outlines the essential aspects of medical management for pericarditis:ObjectivesDetermine the Cause: Identifying the underlying cause of pericarditis is crucial for targeted treatment. Causes include viral infections, autoimmune diseases, post-cardiac injury syndrome, and...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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The management of chronic pancreatitis is multifaceted, involving a comprehensive approach that includes thorough assessment, diagnostic testing, and a variety of management strategies.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Induction of Ocular Surface Inflammation and Collection of Involved Tissues
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Ocular Involvement in Relapsing Polychondritis.

Ken Fukuda1, Tomoka Mizobuchi1, Isana Nakajima1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|November 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Relapsing polychondritis (RPC) is a rare immune disease causing inflammation in cartilage and other tissues. Ocular symptoms are common in RPC, and recognizing these can aid in early diagnosis.

Keywords:
auricular chondritisconjunctivitiskeratitisoptic neuropathyrelapsing polychondritisretinopathyscleritisultrasonographyuveitis

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Ophthalmology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Relapsing polychondritis (RPC) is a rare systemic immune-mediated disease.
  • It is characterized by recurrent inflammation of cartilaginous and proteoglycan-rich tissues.
  • Ocular involvement affects approximately half of RPC patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of ocular manifestations in relapsing polychondritis.
  • To highlight the importance of recognizing ocular symptoms for timely RPC diagnosis.
  • To emphasize the potential for ocular inflammation to be the initial sign of RPC.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of ocular manifestations in relapsing polychondritis.
  • Analysis of common and less frequent ocular symptoms associated with RPC.
  • Discussion of diagnostic challenges and the role of ocular findings.

Main Results:

  • Common ocular symptoms include scleritis, episcleritis, uveitis, and conjunctivitis.
  • Less frequent but significant manifestations include keratitis, retinopathy, optic neuropathy, and orbital inflammation.
  • Ocular inflammation can be the presenting feature of RPC, leading to diagnostic delays.

Conclusions:

  • Ocular involvement is a frequent and significant feature of relapsing polychondritis.
  • Physicians should consider RPC in patients with recurrent ocular inflammation and systemic symptoms.
  • Early recognition of ocular manifestations is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management of this sight-threatening disease.