Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones01:38

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

3.2K
Carbonyl compounds and primary amines undergo reductive amination first to produce imines, followed by secondary amines in the same reaction mixture, using selective reducing agents like sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Reductive amination produces different degrees of substitution of amines depending on the starting amine substrate.
3.2K
Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Enamine Formation Mechanism01:14

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Enamine Formation Mechanism

6.1K
Enamine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a secondary amine through a series of reactions. The mechanism begins with the generation of carbinolamine, a nucleophilic attack followed by several proton transfer reactions. The hydroxyl group of the carbinolamine is converted into water to make a better leaving group that can push the reaction forward by eliminating a water molecule. In enamine formation, the last step involves the abstraction of a proton from the α carbon to...
6.1K
Amines to Alkenes: Hofmann Elimination01:16

Amines to Alkenes: Hofmann Elimination

2.7K
Alkenes can be obtained from amines via an E2 elimination. The amine is first converted into a good leaving group, such as a quaternary ammonium salt. This is accomplished by treating the amine with an excess of alkyl halide, which results in a halide salt. Next, the halide salt is transformed into a hydroxide salt that functions as a base to enable elimination.
Under thermal conditions, the hydroxide can abstract a proton from the β carbon; this generates an alkene with the simultaneous...
2.7K
Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines01:30

Preparation of Amines: Alkylation of Ammonia and Amines

3.8K
Alkylation is one of the methods used to prepare amines. Direct alkylation of ammonia or a primary amine with an alkyl halide gives polyalkylated amines along with a quaternary ammonium salt through successive SN2 reactions. This process of making the quaternary salt through the direct alkylation method is called exhaustive alkylation.
Each alkylation step makes the nitrogen center more nucleophilic, which triggers successive alkylations until a quaternary ammonium salt is formed. Considering...
3.8K
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

4.7K
Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
4.7K
Amyloid Fibrils03:03

Amyloid Fibrils

10.7K
Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
Amyloid deposits were observed as early as 1639 in the liver and the spleen.   In 1854, Rudolph Virchow performed iodine staining,...
10.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Efficacy and Safety of Different Colistin Administration Routes for Nosocomial Pneumonia Caused by Carbapenem-Resistant Organisms: A Single Centre, Open Label, Prospective Cohort Study [Letter].

Drug design, development and therapy·2026
Same author

[2. Important Points to Remember about Photography Techniques That You Should Review].

Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai zasshi·2026
Same author

Determinants of subclinical leprosy among household contacts in Indonesia: serological and socio-demographic factors.

PeerJ·2026
Same author

A noninvasive test for human prion disease using hair roots and scalp.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

Crucial roles of GALNT6-mediated O-glycosylation of GRP78/Bip in proliferation of breast cancer cells.

Biochemical and biophysical research communications·2025
Same author

Antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors of Klebsiella quasipneumoniae, the novel sequence types (ST) 7979 and 7980 from Indonesia.

Microbial pathogenesis·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Screening for Amyloid Aggregation by Semi-Denaturing Detergent-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
10:03

Screening for Amyloid Aggregation by Semi-Denaturing Detergent-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

Published on: July 16, 2008

27.7K

Ethanolamine Is a New Anti-Prion Compound.

Keiji Uchiyama1,2, Hideyuki Hara1, Junji Chida1

  • 1Division of Molecular Neurobiology, The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|November 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Ethanolamine, found in advanced cell culture media, shows anti-prion activity by reducing abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) levels. This discovery offers a potential new therapeutic avenue for fatal prion diseases.

Keywords:
ethanolamineneurodegenerationprion proteinprionsprotein misfoldingtherapy

More Related Videos

A11-positive β-amyloid Oligomer Preparation and Assessment Using Dot Blotting Analysis
06:17

A11-positive β-amyloid Oligomer Preparation and Assessment Using Dot Blotting Analysis

Published on: May 22, 2018

12.1K
Investigating the Spreading and Toxicity of Prion-like Proteins Using the Metazoan Model Organism C. elegans
12:57

Investigating the Spreading and Toxicity of Prion-like Proteins Using the Metazoan Model Organism C. elegans

Published on: January 8, 2015

16.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Screening for Amyloid Aggregation by Semi-Denaturing Detergent-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
10:03

Screening for Amyloid Aggregation by Semi-Denaturing Detergent-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

Published on: July 16, 2008

27.7K
A11-positive β-amyloid Oligomer Preparation and Assessment Using Dot Blotting Analysis
06:17

A11-positive β-amyloid Oligomer Preparation and Assessment Using Dot Blotting Analysis

Published on: May 22, 2018

12.1K
Investigating the Spreading and Toxicity of Prion-like Proteins Using the Metazoan Model Organism C. elegans
12:57

Investigating the Spreading and Toxicity of Prion-like Proteins Using the Metazoan Model Organism C. elegans

Published on: January 8, 2015

16.1K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Prion diseases are fatal neurodegenerative disorders.
  • Caused by abnormal prion protein (PrPSc) accumulation.
  • No effective therapies currently exist.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify compounds with anti-prion activity.
  • To investigate the potential of cell culture media components as therapeutics.
  • To explore ethanolamine as a novel anti-prion agent.

Main Methods:

  • Culturing prion-infected mouse neuroblastoma cells (N2aC24L1-3) in different DMEM formulations.
  • Measuring PrPSc and PrPC levels.
  • Administering ethanolamine orally to prion-infected mice.

Main Results:

  • Advanced DMEM reduced PrPSc levels in infected cells, unlike classic DMEM.
  • Ethanolamine was identified as the active anti-prion compound in advanced DMEM.
  • Oral ethanolamine administration delayed prion disease progression in mice.

Conclusions:

  • Ethanolamine exhibits significant anti-prion activity.
  • Ethanolamine represents a promising candidate for future prion disease therapies.
  • This study highlights the potential of repurposed compounds in treating neurodegenerative diseases.