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Pathogenic Basis of Thromboinflammation and Endothelial Injury in COVID-19: Current Findings and Therapeutic

Yasutomi Higashikuni1, Wenhao Liu1, Takumi Obana1

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|November 13, 2021
PubMed

Insights

Severe COVID-19 involves thromboinflammation and endothelial injury, driven by immune dysregulation and platelet issues. Understanding these mechanisms is key to developing new treatments for severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Pathology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, presents mild symptoms in most but severe complications in others.
  • Severe cases involve pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and thromboembolism, leading to high mortality.
  • SARS-CoV-2 employs immune evasion strategies, impacting T and B cell responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathogenic basis of thromboinflammation and endothelial injury in COVID-19.
  • To highlight the roles of immune responses, platelet activation, and endothelial dysfunction.
  • To discuss potential therapeutic targets for COVID-19.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review summarizing current knowledge on COVID-19 pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of mechanisms including immune dysregulation, platelet hyperactivation, and endothelial dysfunction.
  • Exploration of the interplay between these factors and cardiovascular risk.

Main Results:

  • SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers dysregulated immune responses, platelet hyperactivation, and endothelial dysfunction.
  • These factors interact and are worsened by cardiovascular risk factors.
  • These pathological pathways contribute significantly to severe COVID-19 outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Thromboinflammation and endothelial injury are central to severe COVID-19 pathogenesis.
  • Targeting immune responses, platelet activation, and endothelial dysfunction offers potential therapeutic avenues.
  • Further research into these mechanisms can guide the development of effective COVID-19 treatments.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2endothelial injuryinflammationplatelet activationtherapeuticsthrombosis

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