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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

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Sporadic Primary Hyperparathyroidism.

Stephanie J Kim1, Dolores M Shoback2

  • 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, 400 Parnassus Avenue A549, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|November 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism is common, often diagnosed in minimally symptomatic patients. Surgery offers a high cure rate, while cinacalcet provides a medical option for managing serum calcium levels.

Keywords:
CalcimimeticCalcium-sensing receptorHypercalcemiaNephrolithiasisOsteitis fibrosa cysticaParathyroid hormoneParathyroidectomyPrimary hyperparathyroidism

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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism is a prevalent endocrine disorder.
  • It disproportionately affects postmenopausal women and African Americans.
  • Diagnosis is frequent in asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic individuals due to widespread screening.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnosis and management of sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism.
  • To highlight surgical and medical treatment options.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of primary hyperparathyroidism diagnosis and treatment.
  • Analysis of current management strategies including surgery and medical therapy.

Main Results:

  • Surgical intervention by experienced surgeons yields high cure rates, especially with accurate preoperative imaging.
  • Cinacalcet, an oral calcimimetic, is an effective medical therapy for controlling hypercalcemia in non-surgical candidates or treatment failures.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial for primary hyperparathyroidism.
  • Surgical and medical options provide effective control of serum calcium levels.