Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis01:13

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

3.2K
Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...
3.2K
Microbial Fermentation01:23

Microbial Fermentation

591
Fermentation is a crucial anaerobic metabolic process that enables microbes to derive energy from sugar without relying on oxygen or an electron transport chain. This process is fundamental to various biological and industrial applications and is classified based on the metabolic products generated.Role of Pyruvate in FermentationPyruvate and its derivatives serve as key electron acceptors in fermentative pathways. The oxidation of NADH to regenerate NAD+ is essential for the continuation of...
591
Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

3.6K
Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
3.6K
Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Overview01:20

Carboxylic Acids to Esters: Acid-Catalyzed (Fischer) Esterification Overview

18.8K
The Fischer esterification reaction was developed by the German chemist Emil FischerĀ in 1895. It is a condensation reaction between carboxylic acids and alcohols in an acidic medium to give esters and water.
18.8K
Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis01:07

Alkylation of β-Ketoester Enolates: Acetoacetic Ester Synthesis

3.7K
Acetoacetic ester synthesis is a method to obtain ketones from alkyl halides and β-keto esters. The reaction occurs in the presence of an alkoxide base that abstracts the acidic proton of the β-keto esters. The step results in an enolate ion which is doubly stabilized. The enolate then reacts with an alkyl halide via the SN2 process to produce an alkylated ester intermediate with a new C–C bond. The hydrolysis of the intermediate, followed by acidification, results in an...
3.7K
Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

9.4K
Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
9.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Biological production of muconic acid from renewable biomass: advances in metabolic engineering and lignin valorisation.

Microbial cell factoriesĀ·2026
Same author

Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent Enables Mild Lignin Arylation with High Ī²-O-4 Retention and Cellulose Recovery.

The journal of physical chemistry lettersĀ·2026
Same author

Energy-efficient selective fractionation of lignin and bacterial hydrolysis of cellulose in corncob biorefinery for sustainable production of PHA and biohydrogen.

International journal of biological macromoleculesĀ·2026
Same author

Time-resolved co-transport dynamics of microplastics and antibiotic resistance genes during stormwater first flush.

Environmental researchĀ·2026
Same author

Bioenergy carbon capture storage and utilization: a critical review of market dynamics and policy implications.

Biotechnology for biofuels and bioproductsĀ·2026
Same author

Biomass and bioethanol production from pretreated mixed fruit peel hydrolysate using Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains at different pH and oxygen conditions.

BMC biotechnologyĀ·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Scalable Step-by-Step Approach of Sustainable Bioplastic Production from Food Waste
08:14

Scalable Step-by-Step Approach of Sustainable Bioplastic Production from Food Waste

Published on: July 18, 2025

499

Polyhydroxyalkanoates synthesis using acidogenic fermentative effluents.

J Rajesh Banu1, G Ginni2, S Kavitha3

  • 1Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Neelakudi, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu 610005, India.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|November 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are biodegradable polymers offering a sustainable alternative to petrochemicals. This review explores cost-effective production methods, focusing on substrates, microbial strains, and fermentation strategies to overcome commercialization barriers.

Keywords:
Biosynthetic pathwaysFermentative modesPHA

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Optimizing Hollow-Fiber Membranes for Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids
06:45

Author Spotlight: Optimizing Hollow-Fiber Membranes for Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids

Published on: August 9, 2024

1.4K
Production of Chemicals by Klebsiella pneumoniae Using Bamboo Hydrolysate as Feedstock
07:24

Production of Chemicals by Klebsiella pneumoniae Using Bamboo Hydrolysate as Feedstock

Published on: June 29, 2017

9.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Scalable Step-by-Step Approach of Sustainable Bioplastic Production from Food Waste
08:14

Scalable Step-by-Step Approach of Sustainable Bioplastic Production from Food Waste

Published on: July 18, 2025

499
Author Spotlight: Optimizing Hollow-Fiber Membranes for Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids
06:45

Author Spotlight: Optimizing Hollow-Fiber Membranes for Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Medium-Chain Fatty Acids

Published on: August 9, 2024

1.4K
Production of Chemicals by Klebsiella pneumoniae Using Bamboo Hydrolysate as Feedstock
07:24

Production of Chemicals by Klebsiella pneumoniae Using Bamboo Hydrolysate as Feedstock

Published on: June 29, 2017

9.1K

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Industrial Microbiology
  • Polymer Science
  • Sustainable Materials

Background:

  • Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are microbial polyesters derived from renewable resources, offering biodegradability and potential as replacements for petroleum-based plastics.
  • High manufacturing costs currently limit the widespread commercial application of PHA.
  • Economical production is key to unlocking PHA's potential as a sustainable biopolymer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of cost-effective strategies for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production.
  • To analyze various substrates, microbial strains, and biosynthetic pathways relevant to economical PHA accumulation.
  • To review operational parameters, fermentation modes, and advanced feeding strategies for optimizing PHA synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on cost-effective substrates, microbial strains, and biosynthetic pathways for PHA.
  • Analysis of operational parameters and different fermentative modes (batch, fed-batch, continuous).
  • Examination of advanced feeding strategies (e.g., feast-famine, pulse feeding) for enhanced PHA yield.

Main Results:

  • Identification of various cost-effective substrates and suitable microbial strains for economical PHA production.
  • Evaluation of different fermentation strategies and feeding techniques to improve PHA synthesis efficiency.
  • Discussion of challenges and economic factors influencing PHA commercialization.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing substrates, microbial strains, and fermentation processes is crucial for reducing PHA production costs.
  • Advanced feeding strategies and economic analysis are vital for the sustainable and lucrative commercialization of PHA biomanufacturing.
  • PHA holds significant promise as a biodegradable and renewable alternative to conventional plastics.