Blood absorption toxicokinetics of glycol ethers after inhalation: A human controlled study

Glycol ethers are organic solvents present in countless products for professional and domestic use. The main toxicological concerns are hematotoxicity, respiratory and reproductive toxicity. The general population can be exposed when using products containing one or several glycol ethers that evaporate or if sprayed, generate aerosols that can be inhaled. The rate at which glycol ethers enters blood following inhalation exposure are unknown in humans, and chemical risk assessors only rely on animal and in vitro toxicity studies. Propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME) and propylene glycol monobutyl ether (PGBE) are two examples of glycol ethers used worldwide. Our study aimed to provide human toxicokinetic data after inhalation exposure of low PGME and PGBE concentrations tested alone or in mixture. Healthy participants (n = 28) were exposed to 35 ppm (131 mg/m³) of PGME and 15 ppm (i.e., 83 mg/m³) of PGBE for 2 or 6 h. Blood was regularly collected during the exposure sessions. PGME and PGBE were immediately bioavailable in blood during exposure, and the mean absorption rates were up to 13 μg/L/min and 2.45 μg/L/min, respectively. Maximum mean blood concentration (Cmax) was 2.91 mg/L and 0.41 mg/L for PGME and PGBE. The cumulative internal doses over time (area under the curve, AUC) were 11 mg∗h/L and 1.81 mg∗h/L for PGME and PGBE. PGME and PGBE total blood uptake could possibly be higher in physically active individuals, such as workers. We recommend that glycol ethers present on the market undergo toxicological testing with the internal doses we found in our toxicokinetic study.