Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

35.5K
Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
35.5K
In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

15.3K
To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
15.3K
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

6.8K
Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
6.8K
Nondisjunction01:21

Nondisjunction

4.2K
Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate correctly and move to the opposite poles of the cells. This produces daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers.  Nondisjunction is common during anaphase I or anaphase II of meiosis.  Mutations in synaptonemal complex proteins that attach homologous chromosomes increase the chances of nondisjunction in anaphase I of meiosis I. In contrast, mutations in topoisomerases and condensins that hold...
4.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Evidence That Heat Shock Protein A5 (HSPA5) Plays a Role During Bovine In Vitro Embryo Production.

Reproduction (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same author

Individual Effect of Bull Prevails over Sperm Characteristics in Predictive Models.

Biomolecules·2026
Same author

Fertility classification of the cow and peri-estrus sex-steroid hormones is associated with endometrial epithelial cell responses to conceptus and inflammatory signals.

Cell and tissue research·2026
Same author

hCG is not an alternative to eCG in the TAI protocol in Bos indicus cows, but it increases the efficiency of TAI protocols in cows that do not show estrus.

Animal reproduction science·2026
Same author

Effect of treatment with long-acting injectable progesterone and/or hCG three days after TAI on circulating progesterone profile, luteal dynamics and fertility of high-producing dairy cows.

Theriogenology·2026
Same author

Multi-omics integration uncovers metabolic control of H3K27ac in bovine inner cell masses†.

Biology of reproduction·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Functional Manipulation of Maternal Gene Products Using In Vitro Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish
10:39

Functional Manipulation of Maternal Gene Products Using In Vitro Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish

Published on: April 22, 2017

11.5K

Paternal effect does not affect in vitro embryo morphokinetics but modulates molecular profile.

Tamie Guibu de Almeida1, Rodolfo Daniel Mingoti1, Letícia Signori de Castro1

  • 1Laboratory of Spermatozoa Biology, Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

Theriogenology
|November 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary

High and low fertility bulls show no difference in early embryo development. However, low fertility bulls exhibit higher polyspermy rates and gene expression linked to apoptosis and cell damage, impairing embryo development and blastocyst rates.

Keywords:
Embryo kineticsGene expressionIn vitro embryo productionPaternal effect

More Related Videos

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio
12:31

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Published on: August 24, 2013

20.9K
Stable Isotope In-Vivo Labeling for Mass-Spectrometry Identification of Paternal Metabolites Transferred from Sperm to Oocyte During Fertilization
05:55

Stable Isotope In-Vivo Labeling for Mass-Spectrometry Identification of Paternal Metabolites Transferred from Sperm to Oocyte During Fertilization

Published on: June 17, 2025

439

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Functional Manipulation of Maternal Gene Products Using In Vitro Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish
10:39

Functional Manipulation of Maternal Gene Products Using In Vitro Oocyte Maturation in Zebrafish

Published on: April 22, 2017

11.5K
In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio
12:31

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Published on: August 24, 2013

20.9K
Stable Isotope In-Vivo Labeling for Mass-Spectrometry Identification of Paternal Metabolites Transferred from Sperm to Oocyte During Fertilization
05:55

Stable Isotope In-Vivo Labeling for Mass-Spectrometry Identification of Paternal Metabolites Transferred from Sperm to Oocyte During Fertilization

Published on: June 17, 2025

439

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Genetics
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Paternal factors significantly influence in vitro embryo production (IVP) outcomes, affecting development from early cleavage to embryonic genome activation (EGA).
  • Mechanisms underlying in vitro fertility differences and their impact on embryo development remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the paternal effect on fertilization, embryo developmental kinetics, gene expression, and quality in high (HF) and low (LF) in vitro fertility bulls.
  • To identify specific molecular and developmental differences associated with varying paternal fertility in IVP.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of a large IVP database (2012-2015) to rank 140 bulls based on cleavage and blastocyst rates.
  • Selection of 10 bulls (5 HF, 5 LF) based on embryo development rate for further analysis.
  • Assessment of pronuclei formation, cleavage rates, blastocyst rates, and morphology.
  • Quantification of 96 transcripts at the 8-16 cell stage and blastocyst stages using gene expression analysis.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in early embryo kinetics or cleavage rates between HF and LF groups.
  • HF bulls showed higher fertilization rates (72% vs. 62%) and lower polyspermy rates (16.2% vs. 29.2%) compared to LF bulls.
  • Blastocyst rates (29.4% vs. 16.0%) and development rates (33.9% vs. 18.9%) were significantly higher in the HF group.
  • Differential gene expression was observed: HF embryos had higher PGK1 and TFAM, while LF embryos showed increased transcripts related to stress, cell proliferation, and lipid metabolism at the 8-16 cell stage.
  • Blastocysts from LF bulls had higher expression of lipid metabolism and other cellular function genes compared to HF bulls.

Conclusions:

  • In vitro bull fertility does not impact the timing of initial embryonic cleavages.
  • Low in vitro fertility is associated with increased polyspermy and elevated expression of apoptosis and cell damage-related genes at the embryonic genome activation stage.
  • These factors collectively suggest impaired embryo development and reduced blastocyst formation in embryos derived from low fertility bulls.