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Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings

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Processing Human Milk to Increase Nutrient Density for Preterm Infants.

Hande Z Ulus¹, Merve Yasemin Tekbudak^2,3, Jonathan C Allen¹

¹Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.

Journal of Human Lactation : Official Journal of International Lactation Consultant Association

|November 15, 2021

Summary

Concentrating donor milk increases nutrient density for preterm infants. This low-cost process reduces lactose and osmolality, meeting infant feeding needs without non-human components.

Keywords:

Human Milk Banking Association of America breastfeeding donor milk human milk human milk-biochemistry infant nutrition lactation late preterm infant

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Last Updated: Oct 13, 2025

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Milk Collection in the Rat Using Capillary Tubes and Estimation of Milk Fat Content by Creamatocrit

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Published on: December 16, 2015

Area of Science:

Neonatal nutrition
Human milk processing
Infant feeding

Background:

Human milk is the optimal nutrition for newborns, especially preterm infants in neonatal intensive care units.
Donor milk is an alternative, but its lower caloric density may not meet the high protein and energy needs of preterm infants.
Preterm infants have limited stomach capacity, necessitating nutrient-dense feeding options.

Purpose of the Study:

To concentrate donor milk, increasing caloric and protein density.
To achieve higher nutrient concentration while avoiding high osmolality by precipitating lactose at low temperatures.

Main Methods:

Donor milk samples (N=36) underwent homogenization and evaporative condensation.
Samples were stored frozen, then subjected to refrigerated centrifugation at 0°C for lactose removal.
Concentrated supernatants were analyzed for lactose, protein, osmolality, and viscosity, and compared to controls.

Main Results:

Significant reductions in lactose and osmolality were achieved.
Protein loss during centrifugation was not significant.
A 30%-40% volume reduction resulted in osmolality levels recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics for infant feeding.

Conclusions:

Concentrating human milk in a milk bank is a feasible, simple, and low-cost method.
This process yields a product with enhanced nutrient density for preterm infants.
The concentrated milk contains no non-human components, making it suitable for vulnerable infants.