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Related Concept Videos

The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

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An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication...
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Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

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DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Lagging Strand Synthesis01:59

Lagging Strand Synthesis

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During replication, the complementary strands in double-stranded DNA are synthesized at different rates. Replication first begins on the leading strand. Replication starts later, occurs more slowly, and proceeds discontinuously on the lagging strand.
There are several major differences between synthesis of the leading strand and synthesis of the lagging strand. 1) Leading strand synthesis happens in the direction of replication fork opening, whereas lagging strand synthesis happens in the...
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Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
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DNA Replication02:40

DNA Replication

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DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied.  After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
Replication in Prokaryotes
DNA replication...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique
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Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

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Visualizing replication fork encounters with DNA interstrand crosslinks.

Ryan C James1, Marina A Bellani2, Jing Zhang3

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.

Methods in Enzymology
|November 15, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Replication forks can restart DNA synthesis past interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). Researchers discovered two distinct replisome versions, one for euchromatin and one for heterochromatin, offering new insights into DNA replication challenges.

Keywords:
DNA fiberDONSONFANCMInterstrand crosslinkReplication stressReplication traverse

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Author Spotlight: Characterizing DNA Replication of Pathogenic Repeats to Uncover Mechanisms of Replication Fork Stalling and Expansion
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Author Spotlight: Characterizing DNA Replication of Pathogenic Repeats to Uncover Mechanisms of Replication Fork Stalling and Expansion

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Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy
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Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique
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Visualization of DNA Replication in the Vertebrate Model System DT40 using the DNA Fiber Technique

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Author Spotlight: Characterizing DNA Replication of Pathogenic Repeats to Uncover Mechanisms of Replication Fork Stalling and Expansion
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Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy
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Visualizing Single-molecule DNA Replication with Fluorescence Microscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Replication forks face challenges in euchromatin and heterochromatin during S phase.
  • Impediments include DNA structures, transcription complexes, R-loops, DNA-protein complexes, and adducts.
  • Replication stress and DNA Damage Response markers are commonly used to study these events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To directly examine the consequences for replisomes encountering DNA replication impediments.
  • To visualize replication fork collisions with interstrand crosslinks (ICLs).

Main Methods:

  • Developed a novel approach for imaging replication fork collisions with ICLs on DNA fibers.
  • Visualized the encounter of replication tracts and an antigen-tagged ICL.

Main Results:

  • Observed unexpected restart of DNA synthesis past an intact ICL.
  • Identified two distinct replisome populations: one biased toward euchromatin, the other more prominent in heterochromatin.

Conclusions:

  • DNA synthesis can restart past intact ICLs, challenging previous assumptions.
  • Distinct replisome variants exist, tailored for euchromatin and heterochromatin environments.
  • These findings provide direct insights into replisome behavior at replication impediments.