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Alignment interactions drive structural transitions in biological tissues.

Matteo Paoluzzi1, Luca Angelani2,3, Giorgio Gosti4

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Cell shape and motion feedback influences tissue behavior. Alignment promotes fluid-to-solid transitions in cell monolayers, but highly asymmetric cells exhibit glassy dynamics instead.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Soft Matter Physics

Background:

  • Experimental evidence indicates a feedback loop between cell shape and cell motion.
  • The impact of this feedback on the collective behavior of dense cell monolayers is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of alignment feedback between cell crawling direction and cell elongation in a biological tissue model.
  • To explore how this alignment influences the collective dynamics and phase transitions of cell monolayers.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a biological tissue model to simulate dense cell monolayers.
  • Incorporated a feedback mechanism aligning cell crawling direction with cell elongation.
  • Analyzed the resulting collective behavior, phase transitions, and dynamics of cell centers and shape fluctuations.

Main Results:

  • Alignment interaction promotes nematic patterns in the fluid phase.
  • These patterns undergo a nonequilibrium phase transition into a quasihexagonal solid.
  • Highly asymmetric cells fail to transition to a solid state, exhibiting glassy dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular alignment feedback is a key factor in driving collective cell behavior and phase transitions in biological tissues.
  • The degree of cell asymmetry dictates the system's response to alignment, leading to either solidification or glassy behavior.
  • This study provides insights into the fundamental principles governing tissue morphogenesis and mechanics.