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A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
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Developmental differences in memory reactivation relate to encoding and inference in the human brain.

Margaret L Schlichting1, Katharine F Guarino2, Hannah E Roome3,4,5

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. meg.schlichting@utoronto.ca.

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Children and adolescents use different brain mechanisms for memory recall during learning compared to adults. These distinct neural pathways, including memory suppression, still support inference-making across development.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Children can make novel inferences from memories, but the underlying neural mechanisms across development remain unclear.
  • Understanding how memory retrieval and neural processes evolve is crucial for cognitive development research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate developmental differences in neural mechanisms of memory reinstatement during learning.
  • To examine how these mechanisms relate to the ability to make inferences in children, adolescents, and adults.

Main Methods:

  • Measured memory reinstatement using neural activity patterns in participants aged 7-30 years during a learning task.
  • Analyzed trial-wise variability in neural reactivation during the learning of new, related information.

Main Results:

  • Adults showed continuous memory reinstatement during learning; adolescents showed transient reinstatement; children showed no significant reinstatement.
  • Neural mechanisms, including the suppression of interfering memories in early adolescence, were beneficial for later inference at all ages.

Conclusions:

  • Adults develop integrated memories that directly support inference.
  • Children and adolescents rely on separate memories that are individually accessed for inference decisions, highlighting distinct developmental trajectories in memory processing.