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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Updated: Oct 13, 2025

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Locus-specific expression of transposable elements in single cells with CELLO-seq.

Rebecca V Berrens1,2, Andrian Yang3, Christopher E Laumer3

  • 1Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. rebecca.berrens@gmail.com.

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|November 16, 2021
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Summary

New CELLO-seq technology precisely measures transposable element (TE) expression in single cells. This method reveals locus-specific TE activity and regulatory heterogeneity across species, advancing our understanding of genome dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Transposable elements (TEs) are crucial regulators of biological processes, including development and cancer.
  • Measuring young TE expression is challenging for short-read sequencing due to repetitive sequences.
  • Accurate quantification of TE expression is vital for understanding their functional roles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply a novel method for precise measurement of transposable element (TE) expression at unique loci in single cells.
  • To investigate the locus-specific expression patterns of both young and old TEs in mouse and human cells.
  • To explore the regulatory relationships between individual TEs and their putative regulators.

Main Methods:

  • Single CELl LOng-read RNA-sequencing (CELLO-seq) was employed, combining long-read sequencing with computational analysis.
  • CELLO-seq was utilized to profile TE expression in two-cell mouse blastomeres and human induced pluripotent stem cells.
  • Simulations were performed to assess the mapping confidence of short reads from young TEs.

Main Results:

  • CELLO-seq successfully enabled the measurement of TE expression at unique loci across species.
  • Both young and old TEs demonstrated locus-specific expression patterns in mouse and human cells.
  • Analysis revealed significant heterogeneity in TE expression correlations with regulators, suggesting diverse regulatory mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • CELLO-seq is a powerful tool for accurately quantifying transposable element expression in single cells.
  • TEs exhibit locus-specific regulation and functional heterogeneity, impacting genome dynamics.
  • This study provides new insights into the complex regulatory networks governing transposable elements in mammals.