Fetal Growth Restriction Before and After Birth

Area of Science:

• Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Neonatology
• Pediatric Health

Background:

• Fetal growth restriction (FGR), previously intrauterine growth restriction, is a condition where a fetus fails to reach its full growth potential.
• Early detection and management of FGR are critical due to its significant clinical implications throughout childhood.
• FGR is diagnosed via ultrasonography, identifying estimated fetal weight or abdominal circumference below the 10th percentile.

Purpose of the Study:

• To summarize the diagnostic criteria and clinical implications of fetal growth restriction.
• To highlight the importance of early detection and management of FGR for neonatal and childhood health.
• To discuss prevention strategies, delivery timing considerations, and long-term risks associated with FGR.

Main Methods:

• Diagnosis is based on formal ultrasonography measurements, including estimated fetal weight and abdominal circumference.
• Early-onset FGR is defined as diagnosis before 32 weeks' gestation.
• Management involves consultation with maternal-fetal medicine specialists to determine optimal delivery timing.

Main Results:

• Early-onset FGR is associated with a higher risk of adverse fetal outcomes.
• Aspirin, used for preeclampsia prevention in high-risk pregnancies, may reduce the incidence of FGR.
• Neonates with FGR face risks including feeding difficulties, glucose and temperature instability, and jaundice.

Conclusions:

• FGR necessitates careful monitoring and management due to potential adverse outcomes.
• Long-term risks for children affected by FGR include abnormal growth and later development of cardiac, metabolic, neurodevelopmental, reproductive, and psychiatric disorders.
• There are no definitive preventive measures, but aspirin may offer some benefit in high-risk cases.