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Related Concept Videos

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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
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Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
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Adult Stem Cells01:33

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Simple and Efficient Neural Retina Organoid Production for Disease Modeling
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Retina stem cells, hopes and obstacles.

Olga L German1, Harmonie Vallese-Maurizi1, Tamara B Soto2

  • 1Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahia blanca 8000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

World Journal of Stem Cells
|November 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Stem cell therapies show promise for treating retinal degeneration by replacing damaged cells. Retinal progenitor cells and induced pluripotent stem cells are leading candidates for safe and effective vision restoration.

Keywords:
Cancer stem cellsPhotoreceptor replacementRetina regenerationRetina stem cell transplantationStem cells

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Retinal degeneration causes significant visual impairment globally.
  • Loss of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and photoreceptor cells drives pathogenesis.
  • Current therapies offer limited success in preventing degeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review preclinical and clinical stem cell (SC) strategies for retinal degeneration.
  • To analyze SC types, efficacy, safety, and integration for cell replacement therapy.
  • To identify challenges and future directions in SC-based vision restoration.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of preclinical studies and clinical trials.
  • Analysis of various stem cell types: retinal progenitor cells (RPCs), embryonic SC, pluripotent SCs (PSCs), induced PSCs (iPSCs), and mesenchymal stromal cells.
  • Evaluation of key outcomes: efficacy, safety, cell attachment, integration, tumorigenicity, and immunorejection.

Main Results:

  • Two primary approaches focus on RPE or photoreceptor replacement.
  • RPCs and iPSCs emerge as promising candidates due to low immunorejection and ethical considerations.
  • Clinical trials indicate safety and efficacy, though challenges like tumorigenicity and integration persist.

Conclusions:

  • Stem cell transplantation holds significant potential for treating retinal degeneration.
  • RPCs and iPSCs represent the most viable options for future therapies.
  • Continued research is crucial to overcome remaining hurdles for safe and effective vision restoration.