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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Correlating Behavioral Responses to fMRI Signals from Human Prefrontal Cortex: Examining Cognitive Processes Using Task Analysis

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How numerical surface forms affect strategy execution in subtraction? Evidence from behavioral and ERP measures.

Yaru Gao¹, Xiangyan Wang¹, Bijuan Huang¹

¹School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, No.1, University Road, Science Park, Changqing, Jinan, China.

Experimental Brain Research

|November 17, 2021

Summary

The form of numerals impacts mental arithmetic strategy execution. English numerals require more cognitive resources and deeper brain processing, hindering arithmetic information processing compared to Arabic or Chinese numerals.

Keywords:

Event-related potential Numerical surface forms Strategy execution Subtraction

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Educational Psychology

Background:

Understanding how numerical representations influence cognitive processes is crucial for educational and psychological research.
Previous studies have explored numeral processing, but the specific impact of different numeral surface forms on mental arithmetic strategy execution requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of different numerical surface forms (Arabic, Chinese, English) on mental arithmetic strategy execution.
To explore the neural mechanisms underlying these effects using electroencephalography (EEG).

Main Methods:

Twenty-five college students performed mental arithmetic tasks (addition and subtraction) with numbers 11-20 presented in Arabic, Chinese, and English numerals.
Behavioral data (reaction times) and electroencephalography (EEG) responses (N100, P200, P300 amplitudes and latencies) were recorded.

Main Results:

Participants exhibited longer reaction times (RTs) for English numerals compared to Arabic and Chinese numerals.
English numerals elicited stronger N100, P200, and P300 amplitudes and longer P200 and P300 latencies.
EEG data indicated deeper brain processing for Chinese and English numerals, with English numeral word forms engaging more frontal and parietal resources.

Conclusions:

Numerical surface form significantly affects mental arithmetic strategy execution.
English numeral word forms demand greater cognitive resources, potentially impeding arithmetic processing.
These findings highlight the importance of considering numeral representation in cognitive and educational contexts.