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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Long non-coding RNAs: novel regulators of cellular physiology and function.

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Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), once dismissed as junk, are now recognized for crucial roles in cell functions. This review details lncRNA mechanisms and their significant impact on gene regulation and epigenetics.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were historically considered transcriptional byproducts.
  • Emerging evidence reveals lncRNAs are critical regulators of diverse cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and DNA damage response.
  • Defined as transcripts >200 nucleotides lacking protein-coding potential, lncRNAs influence numerous physiological and pathophysiological states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent advancements in long non-coding RNA research.
  • To highlight the extensive physiological relevance of lncRNAs.
  • To discuss characterization, classification, and mechanisms of action for lncRNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on lncRNA research.
  • Discussion of lncRNA roles in gene expression and chromatin regulation.
  • Exemplification using specific lncRNAs representative of mammalian lncRNA diversity.

Main Results:

  • lncRNAs actively regulate gene expression and chromatin landscapes.
  • Mechanisms involve interactions with proteins, DNA, and other RNA molecules.
  • Selected lncRNAs demonstrate broad physiological relevance and impact epigenetic understanding.

Conclusions:

  • lncRNAs are integral to fundamental molecular and cellular functions.
  • Their regulatory roles extend to gene expression and epigenetic modifications.
  • lncRNAs are key players in mammalian biology, influencing core concepts in epigenetics, RNA, and DNA.