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Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
Published on: May 6, 2013
Enteroviruses and Type 1 Diabetes: Multiple Mechanisms and Factors?
Richard E Lloyd1, Manasi Tamhankar1, Åke Lernmark2
1Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; email: rlloyd@bcm.edu, manasiajit.tamhankar@bcm.edu.
Abstract:
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by insulin deficiency and resultant hyperglycemia. Complex interactions of genetic and environmental factors trigger the onset of autoimmune mechanisms responsible for development of autoimmunity to β cell antigens and subsequent development of T1D. A potential role of virus infections has long been hypothesized, and growing evidence continues to implicate enteroviruses as the most probable triggering viruses. Recent studies have strengthened the association between enteroviruses and development of autoimmunity in T1D patients, potentially through persistent infections. Enterovirus infections may contribute to different stages of disease development. We review data from both human cohort studies and experimental research exploring the potential roles and molecular mechanisms by which enterovirus infections can impact disease outcome.
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