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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System VI: Calcium -Scoring CT01:25

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Calcium-Scoring CT ScanA calcium-scoring CT scan, also known as coronary artery calcium (CAC) scan, detects calcium deposits in the coronary arteries. This test assesses the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), which can lead to cardiovascular events such as angina, heart failure, and sudden cardiac arrest.A calcium-scoring CT scan is generally recommended for individuals at intermediate risk of CAD without symptoms. It includes:Men aged 40-75 and women aged 50-75: Especially those with a...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

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Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Parathyroid Adenoma.

, David Zander1, Paul M Bunch2

  • 1Chief, Head and Neck Radiology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado.

Journal of the American College of Radiology : JACR
|November 19, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Imaging plays a crucial role in locating parathyroid glands before surgery for hyperparathyroidism. This aids in planning minimally invasive procedures for conditions like primary hyperparathyroidism.

Keywords:
AUCAppropriate Use CriteriaAppropriateness CriteriaHyperparathyroidismParathyroid adenomaPrimary hyperparathyroidismRecurrent hyperparathyroidismSecondary hyperparathyroidismTertiary hyperparathyroidism

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Radiology
  • Surgical Planning

Background:

  • Hyperparathyroidism involves excessive parathyroid hormone production, diagnosed biochemically.
  • While not for diagnosis, imaging is vital for preoperative parathyroid gland localization.

Framework:

  • Evidence-based guidelines from the American College of Radiology Appropriateness Criteria.
  • Utilizes RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method and GRADE for evaluating imaging procedures.

Implementation:

  • Recommends ultrasound, CT neck (with/without contrast), and nuclear medicine parathyroid scans.
  • Addresses primary, recurrent/persistent, secondary, and tertiary hyperparathyroidism.
  • Aids in localizing single adenomas, ectopic, or supernumerary glands.

Implications:

  • Facilitates minimally invasive parathyroidectomy through accurate localization.
  • Details anatomy to optimize surgical planning and outcomes.
  • Provides a framework for appropriate imaging selection in diverse hyperparathyroidism scenarios.