Astrophysical Constraints on the Symmetry Energy and the Neutron Skin of ^{208}Pb with Minimal Modeling Assumptions

The symmetry energy and its density dependence are crucial inputs for many nuclear physics and astrophysics applications, as they determine properties ranging from the neutron-skin thickness of nuclei to the crust thickness and the radius of neutron stars. Recently, PREX-II reported a value of 0.283±0.071  fm for the neutron-skin thickness of ^{208}Pb, implying a slope parameter L=106±37  MeV, larger than most ranges obtained from microscopic calculations and other nuclear experiments. We use a nonparametric equation of state representation based on Gaussian processes to constrain the symmetry energy S_{0}, L, and R_{skin}^{^{208}Pb} directly from observations of neutron stars with minimal modeling assumptions. The resulting astrophysical constraints from heavy pulsar masses, LIGO/Virgo, and NICER clearly favor smaller values of the neutron skin and L, as well as negative symmetry incompressibilities. Combining astrophysical data with PREX-II and chiral effective field theory constraints yields S_{0}=33.0_{-1.8}^{+2.0}  MeV, L=53_{-15}^{+14}  MeV, and R_{skin}^{^{208}Pb}=0.17_{-0.04}^{+0.04}  fm.