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Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

504
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Language01:16

Language

453
Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
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Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

Fundamental Attribution Error

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According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...
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Cognitive Dissonance01:38

Cognitive Dissonance

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Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
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When I use a word . . . . Examining the efficiency paradox.

Jeffrey K Aronson1

  • 1Centre for Evidence Based Medicine, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford.

BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
|November 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Healthcare efficiency faces a paradox: optimizing resource use often increases patient wait times and inconvenience. This isn't a true paradox but stems from identifiable delivery system issues without simple solutions.

Area of Science:

  • Healthcare Management
  • Health Systems Science
  • Operations Research

Background:

  • Healthcare delivery relies on diverse human and technological resources within specific operational spaces.
  • Variability in patient conditions, resource performance, and demand impacts healthcare efficiency.
  • Current healthcare systems struggle to balance resource optimization with minimizing patient time and inconvenience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the "efficiency paradox" in healthcare resource allocation.
  • To identify the root causes of increased patient time and inconvenience despite efficient resource utilization.
  • To explore the systemic challenges in healthcare delivery that lead to this paradox.

Main Methods:

  • Qualitative analysis of healthcare delivery models.

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  • Examination of resource variability and demand fluctuations.
  • Conceptual framework development to explain the efficiency paradox.

    • Main Results:

    • The "efficiency paradox" is a misnomer, arising from inherent complexities in healthcare delivery.
    • Variability in human factors, technology performance, and patient needs significantly complicates efficiency gains.
    • Resource optimization efforts can inadvertently increase system load and patient-related inefficiencies.

    Conclusions:

    • The perceived efficiency paradox in healthcare is a predictable outcome of systemic issues.
    • Addressing this requires tackling identifiable problems in healthcare delivery, not just resource management.
    • Simple, universally applicable solutions are unlikely due to the multifaceted nature of healthcare variability.