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Updated: Oct 12, 2025

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Examining the relations between spatial skills and mathematical performance: A meta-analysis.

Kinnari Atit1, Jason Richard Power2, Terri Pigott3

  • 1School of Education, University of California, Riverside, 1207 Sproul Hall, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA. kinnari.atit@ucr.edu.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spatial and mathematical skills show a moderate positive link. This relationship is not significantly affected by gender or grade level, but is influenced by reasoning abilities.

Keywords:
Fluid reasoningMathematical skillsMeta-analysisSpatial skillsVerbal skills

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Educational Psychology
  • Mathematics Education

Background:

  • Recent research highlights a connection between spatial and mathematical skills.
  • The precise magnitude and influencing factors of this relationship require further clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To meta-analytically determine the magnitude of the association between spatial and mathematical skills.
  • To investigate the moderating effects of gender and grade level on this association.
  • To examine the mediating role of domain-general reasoning skills in the spatial-mathematical relationship.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted two meta-analyses synthesizing data from 45 articles.
  • Employed correlated and hierarchical effects meta-regression for the first analysis.
  • Utilized meta-analytic structural equation modeling for the second analysis.

Main Results:

  • A moderate positive association was found between spatial and mathematical skills (r = .36).
  • No significant moderation by gender or grade level was observed.
  • Fluid reasoning and verbal skills partially mediated the relationship, with a unique spatial-mathematical link remaining.

Conclusions:

  • Spatial skills are moderately linked to mathematical skills, independent of gender and grade level.
  • Domain-general reasoning skills partially explain the spatial-mathematical relationship.
  • Findings suggest leveraging spatial skills may improve mathematical outcomes.