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Interphase

Interphase

The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the cell cycle (G1, S, and G2), and mitosis (M). During interphase, which takes up about 95 percent of the duration of the eukaryotic cell cycle, cells grow and replicate their DNA in preparation for mitosis.
Phases of Interphase
Following each period of mitosis and cytokinesis, eukaryotic cells enter interphase, during which they grow and replicate...

The Cell Cycle Control System

The Cell Cycle Control System

The cell cycle regulation directs how a cell proceeds from one phase to the next and begins mitosis. The cell cycle control system includes intracellular regulatory molecules and external triggers. They provide "stop" or "advance" signals and operate at specific cell cycle stages termed checkpoints to ensure that a particular process is completed before the cell advances to the next phase.
Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) are the primary cell cycle regulators and...

What is the Cell Cycle?

What is the Cell Cycle?

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events occurring throughout a typical cell’s life. In eukaryotic cells, the somatic cell cycle has two stages: the interphase and the mitotic phase. During interphase, the cell grows, performs its basic metabolic functions, copies its DNA, and prepares for mitotic cell division. Then, during mitosis and cytokinesis, the cell divides its nuclear and cytoplasmic materials, respectively. This generates two daughter cells that are identical to the...

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

In eukaryotes, the cell division cycle is divided into distinct, coordinated cellular processes that include cell growth, DNA replication/chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and finally, cell division. The cell cycle is tightly regulated by its regulatory systems as well as extracellular signals that affect cell proliferation.
The processes of the cell cycle occur over approximately 24 hours (in typical human cells) and in two major distinguishable stages. The...

Molecular Factors Affecting Cell Division

Molecular Factors Affecting Cell Division

Several external and internal factors influence the initiation and inhibition of cell division. For instance, the death of nearby cells or the release of human growth hormone (hGH) promotes cell division. In contrast, lack of hGH or crowding of cells can inhibit cell division.
Several proteins function as internal regulators to ensure each cell cycle stage is completed faithfully before proceeding to the next. Regulator molecules may act directly or influence the activity or production of other...

Positive Regulator Molecules

Positive Regulator Molecules

Mitotic cell division results in daughter cells that exactly resemble the parent cell. However, errors in the DNA replication or distribution of genetic material may lead to genetic mutations that may be passed down to every new cell formed from the resulting abnormal cell. Propagation of such mutant cells is restricted through checkpoint mechanisms present at different stages of the cell cycle. These checkpoints involve regulator molecules that either promote or demote cell cycle events.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

Published on: December 5, 2017

The structure of the human cell cycle.

Wayne Stallaert¹, Katarzyna M Kedziora², Colin D Taylor¹

¹Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Computational Medicine Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.

|November 20, 2021

Summary

Scientists visualized the human cell cycle as a continuum of molecular states using advanced imaging and data analysis. This revealed how cells transition between division, arrest, and senescence, uncovering surprising mechanisms of cell cycle re-entry.

Keywords:

cell cycle machine learning manifold learning quiescence senescence single-cell imaging

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Last Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

Published on: December 5, 2017

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols

Published on: June 6, 2017

Temporal Tracking of Cell Cycle Progression Using Flow Cytometry without the Need for Synchronization

Temporal Tracking of Cell Cycle Progression Using Flow Cytometry without the Need for Synchronization

Published on: August 16, 2015

Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Molecular Biology
Systems Biology

Background:

Understanding cell cycle regulation is crucial for cell biology.
Previous models often simplified the dynamic nature of cell cycle progression.

Purpose of the Study:

To visualize the human cell cycle as a continuous landscape of molecular states.
To uncover the molecular mechanisms governing cell cycle transitions, arrest, and senescence.

Main Methods:

Time-lapse microscopy
Highly multiplexed single-cell imaging of 48 core cell cycle proteins
Manifold learning for data visualization

Main Results:

Revealed the human cell cycle as a continuum of molecular states.
Identified paradoxical increases in proliferative proteins during cell cycle arrest.
Characterized molecular trajectories and defining features of senescence.

Conclusions:

The data-driven visualization provides a comprehensive "structure" of the cell cycle.
This framework explains cell cycle re-entry from arrest and defines senescence.
Enables comparative analysis of cell cycles in development, disease, and response to stimuli.