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Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Multimodal 3D Printing of Phantoms to Simulate Biological Tissue
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3D Printing Polymer-based Bolus Used for Radiotherapy.

Ying Lu1,2, Jianbo Song2, Xiaohong Yao1

  • 1Laboratory of Biomaterial Surface and Interface, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi Province, China.

International Journal of Bioprinting
|November 22, 2021
PubMed
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Custom 3D printed boluses offer improved radiotherapy for superficial lesions by ensuring full skin contact. This overcomes air gap issues, enhancing radiation dose accuracy for better treatment outcomes.

Area of Science:

  • Radiotherapy
  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Boluses are crucial in radiotherapy for superficial lesions, aiming to increase skin dose.
  • Current commercial boluses struggle with full contact on irregular skin surfaces, causing air gaps.
  • Air gaps in radiotherapy can reduce surface dose, leading to discrepancies between planned and delivered radiation doses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advancements in polymers for 3D printed boluses.
  • To explore suitable 3D printing technologies for polymer bolus fabrication.
  • To discuss the customization of 3D printed boluses for improved radiotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on polymer materials for 3D printing in radiotherapy.
  • Analysis of 3D printing techniques applicable to bolus manufacturing.
Keywords:
3D printingBolusHydrogelRadiotherapySoft polymers

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  • Examination of material properties required for ideal custom boluses.

    • Main Results:

    • 3D printing enables customized boluses for complete skin contact, eliminating air gaps.
    • Recent developments focus on polymers with suitable properties for 3D printed radiotherapy boluses.
    • Ideal bolus materials require 3D printability, radiotherapy efficacy, and beneficial biological properties.

    Conclusions:

    • Customized 3D printed boluses represent a significant advancement in radiotherapy for superficial lesions.
    • The development of advanced polymers is key to realizing the full potential of 3D printed boluses.
    • Future bolus materials should integrate printability with enhanced therapeutic and biological functionalities.