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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Updated: Oct 12, 2025

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Functional seizures are not less important than epilepsy.

Ali A Asadi-Pooya1,2, Francesco Brigo3, Benjamin Tolchin4

  • 1Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.

Epilepsy & Behavior Reports
|November 22, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Functional seizures (FS) significantly impact patients, causing psychiatric issues, social problems, and reduced quality of life, similar to epilepsy. Addressing these consequences requires urgent clinical care and research for better diagnosis and treatment of FS.

Keywords:
DissociativeEEGEpilepsyPsychogenicSeizure

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Functional seizures (FS) are common in neurology clinics, particularly affecting young adults.
  • FS lead to substantial negative impacts on various life aspects.
  • The consequences of FS are comparable in severity to those experienced by patients with epilepsy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on the consequences of functional seizures.
  • To highlight psychiatric comorbidities, social impacts, costs, cognitive impairment, quality of life, and mortality risks associated with FS.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review of existing literature was conducted.
  • The review focused on identifying and analyzing the multifaceted consequences of FS.

Main Results:

  • FS are associated with significant psychiatric comorbidities.
  • Social consequences, increased costs, cognitive impairment, and reduced quality of life are prevalent in individuals with FS.
  • An elevated risk of mortality is linked to functional seizures.

Conclusions:

  • Functional seizures impose severe consequences on patients' lives, mirroring those of epilepsy.
  • There is a critical need for the clinical and scientific communities to prioritize evidence-based diagnosis and treatment for FS.
  • Enhanced clinical care and dedicated research are essential to mitigate the adverse outcomes of FS.