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    Optical coordinate transformation (OCT) distortion is analyzed and improved using ray tracing for better orbital angular momentum (OAM) applications. This optimization significantly reduces errors in focused rays, enhancing OCT performance.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Metasurfaces
    • Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM)

    Background:

    • Optical coordinate transformation (OCT) is crucial for OAM (de)multiplexing and manipulation.
    • Distortion in OCT systems limits their performance.
    • Understanding OCT distortion under non-normal incidence is essential.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To quantitatively analyze OCT distortion using ray optics.
    • To develop an optimization scheme for improving OCT performance, specifically for log-polar coordinate transformation (LPCT).
    • To validate the optimized method through physical optics simulations and experimental measurements.

    Main Methods:

    • Ray optics analysis to understand OCT distortion mechanisms.
    • Ray-tracing assisted optimization scheme for LPCT.
    • Zernike polynomial-based phase compensation.
    • Physical optics simulations and experimental validation using metasurface-based phase masks.

    Main Results:

    • Quantitative analysis of OCT distortion from a ray optics perspective.
    • Significant reduction in the root mean square error (RMSE) of focused rays by a factor of 5 after optimization.
    • Demonstrated improvement in physical optics simulations.
    • Experimental results show good consistency with simulations.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed ray-tracing optimization effectively reduces OCT distortion for LPCT.
    • The optimized OCT system shows enhanced performance, validated by simulations and experiments.
    • This work has significant potential for improving OCT-based OAM applications.