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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

Published on: August 26, 2015

Optical spin sorting chain.

Tatsuki Hinamoto, Minoru Fujii, Takumi Sannomiya

|November 23, 2021

Summary

Researchers developed subwavelength nanoparticle waveguides that sort optical spins, enabling unidirectional light transport. This miniaturized technology offers robust spin-momentum locking for advanced nanophotonics applications.

Area of Science:

Nanophotonics
Quantum Optics
Materials Science

Background:

Transverse spin angular momentum of light is crucial for unidirectional light transport via spin-momentum locking in nanophotonics.
Existing methods often lack miniaturization and efficient spin sorting capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

To theoretically propose and analyze subwavelength nanoparticle chain waveguides for efficient optical spin sorting.
To demonstrate engineerable spin density distributions and directional spin propagation.

Main Methods:

Theoretical modeling of nanoparticle chain waveguides composed of high-refractive-index nanospheres or nanodisks.
Analysis of dispersion relations and spin angular momentum density distributions.
Investigation of waveguide robustness against bending and application as an optical spin sorter.

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Setting a Successful Sorting for Extracellular Vesicle Isolation

Setting a Successful Sorting for Extracellular Vesicle Isolation

Published on: October 11, 2024

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

Fabrication and Operation of a Nano-Optical Conveyor Belt

Published on: August 26, 2015

Setting a Successful Sorting for Extracellular Vesicle Isolation

Setting a Successful Sorting for Extracellular Vesicle Isolation

Published on: October 11, 2024

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Experimental Methods for Spin- and Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Combined with Polarization-Variable Laser

Published on: June 28, 2018

Main Results:

Achieved directional optical spin propagation in zigzag nanoparticle chain waveguides.
Demonstrated spatial separation of up- and down-spins, with one parity localized inside and the other outside the structure.
Miniaturized the waveguide footprint to the subwavelength scale, outperforming previous photonic crystal waveguides.

Conclusions:

The proposed subwavelength waveguides efficiently sort optical spins using guided modes with transverse spin angular momenta.
The design offers robustness against bending and serves as a compact optical spin sorter.
This work advances miniaturization in nanophotonics for spin-controlled light manipulation.