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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Pulse assessment sites are crucial in evaluating a patient's cardiovascular health. By assessing the pulsations of arteries at specific anatomical locations, healthcare professionals can gather valuable information about blood flow, heart rate, and peripheral circulation. Understanding these pulse assessment sites is essential for conducting comprehensive cardiovascular evaluations and monitoring patients' overall health. These sites are strategically chosen due to the accessibility and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach
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Pediatric Forefoot Deformities.

Maryellen P Brucato1, David Y Lin2

  • 1Brucato Foot and Ankle Surgery, LLC, 1011 Clifton Avenue, Suite 1G, Clifton, NJ 07013, USA.

Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery
|November 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This article reviews pediatric forefoot deformities like syndactyly and polydactyly, discussing their epidemiology, genetics, and optimal surgical treatments based on current literature.

Keywords:
Congenital hallux varusCurly toeMacrodactylyPolydactylySyndactylyUnderlapping fifth toe

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Medical Genetics

Background:

  • Pediatric forefoot deformities encompass a range of congenital conditions affecting foot development.
  • Common examples include syndactyly, polydactyly, macrodactyly, curly toe, and congenital hallux varus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of various pediatric forefoot deformities.
  • To review the epidemiology, genetic factors, and current treatment strategies for these conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on pediatric forefoot deformities.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data and genetic backgrounds.
  • Evaluation of preferred treatment options and surgical techniques.

Main Results:

  • Detailed exploration of syndactyly, polydactyly, macrodactyly, curly toe, and congenital hallux varus.
  • Summary of genetic predispositions and incidence rates.
  • Discussion of evidence-based treatment modalities and surgical interventions.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the epidemiology and genetics is crucial for managing pediatric forefoot deformities.
  • Current literature supports various surgical techniques tailored to specific deformities.
  • Further research may refine treatment protocols for optimal outcomes.