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Urinary biohazard markers in firefighters.

Bela Barros1, Marta Oliveira1, Simone Morais1

  • 1REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Porto, Portugal.

Advances in Clinical Chemistry
|November 23, 2021
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Summary

Firefighter exposure to hazardous pollutants can be assessed using urinary biomarkers. Studies show increased levels of various toxins and oxidative stress markers in firefighters, highlighting the need for improved occupational safety measures.

Keywords:
Biomarkers of effectBiomarkers of exposureFire emissionsFirefighter occupational exposureForest firesMetalsPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsPotential health risks

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Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health
  • Environmental Toxicology
  • Biomarker Research

Background:

  • Firefighters face significant health risks from chronic exposure to hazardous pollutants during firefighting.
  • Accurate determination of fire emission exposure is challenging.
  • Development of reliable biomarkers is crucial for assessing firefighter health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review urinary biomarkers of exposure and effect in firefighters over the past 25 years.
  • To identify promising biomarkers for early detection of health impacts.
  • To inform occupational safety and health strategies for firefighters.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on urinary biomarkers in occupationally exposed firefighters.
  • Analysis of data on biomarkers of exposure (e.g., PAHs, heavy metals) and effect (e.g., oxidative stress).
  • Synthesis of findings over a 25-year period.

Main Results:

  • Urinary isoprostanes and mutagenicity testing show promise as biomarkers of early oxidative stress.
  • Firefighters exhibit elevated urinary levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals, organochlorines, phenols, phthalates, benzene, and toluene.
  • Increased urinary biomarkers indicate significant exposure to fire-related toxins.

Conclusions:

  • Urinary biomarkers are valuable tools for assessing firefighter exposure to hazardous substances.
  • Evidence supports the use of specific biomarkers to monitor firefighter health.
  • Further research is needed to implement preventive measures and protect this high-risk workforce.