Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

1.7K
Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
1.7K
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

15.3K
The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
15.3K
The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane01:41

The Supercomplexes in the Crista Membrane

2.6K
The mitochondrial cristae membrane is the primary site for the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process of energy conversion mediated through respiratory complexes I to V. These complexes have been widely studied for decades, and it has been proven that they form supramolecular structures called respiratory supercomplexes (SC). These higher-order complexes may be crucial in maintaining the biochemical structure and improving the physiological activity of the individual complexes while...
2.6K
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

7.9K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
7.9K
PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway01:22

PI3K/mTOR/AKT Signaling Pathway

4.1K
The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
4.1K
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

1.5K
The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
1.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Inference of upstream-mutation and metabolomic-signature causality identifies prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in pancreatic cancer.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Adjuvant <i>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</i> Lp05 modulates gut microbiota and alleviates symptoms during <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> eradication.

Microbiology spectrum·2026
Same author

The integral membrane protein smim4 modulates redox balance via malate compartmentalization in pancreatic cancer.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Hepatocyte-specific RAP1B deficiency ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity and liver inflammation in mice.

Diabetes, obesity & metabolism·2025
Same author

Loss-of-function mutation in DDX53 associated with hereditary spastic paraplegia-like disorder.

Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)·2024
Same author

Switching ubiquitous and muscle-specific isoforms of mitochondrial respiratory complex IV in skeletal muscle fine-tunes complex IV activity.

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 12, 2025

High-resolution Respirometry to Measure Mitochondrial Function of Intact Beta Cells in the Presence of Natural Compounds
12:32

High-resolution Respirometry to Measure Mitochondrial Function of Intact Beta Cells in the Presence of Natural Compounds

Published on: January 23, 2018

12.5K

GRP75 Regulates Mitochondrial-Supercomplex Turnover to Modulate Insulin Sensitivity.

Qiongya Zhao1,2,3, Ting Luo4, Feng Gao1,3

  • 1School of Laboratory Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.

Diabetes
|November 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary

75-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP75) protects against obesity and insulin resistance by maintaining mitochondrial function. Upregulating GRP75 may offer a therapeutic strategy for metabolic diseases like diabetes.

More Related Videos

Visualization of Endogenous Mitophagy Complexes In Situ in Human Pancreatic Beta Cells Utilizing Proximity Ligation Assay
08:40

Visualization of Endogenous Mitophagy Complexes In Situ in Human Pancreatic Beta Cells Utilizing Proximity Ligation Assay

Published on: May 2, 2019

6.0K
Measurement of Insulin- and Contraction-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Isolated and Incubated Mature Skeletal Muscle from Mice
08:01

Measurement of Insulin- and Contraction-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Isolated and Incubated Mature Skeletal Muscle from Mice

Published on: May 16, 2021

6.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 12, 2025

High-resolution Respirometry to Measure Mitochondrial Function of Intact Beta Cells in the Presence of Natural Compounds
12:32

High-resolution Respirometry to Measure Mitochondrial Function of Intact Beta Cells in the Presence of Natural Compounds

Published on: January 23, 2018

12.5K
Visualization of Endogenous Mitophagy Complexes In Situ in Human Pancreatic Beta Cells Utilizing Proximity Ligation Assay
08:40

Visualization of Endogenous Mitophagy Complexes In Situ in Human Pancreatic Beta Cells Utilizing Proximity Ligation Assay

Published on: May 2, 2019

6.0K
Measurement of Insulin- and Contraction-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Isolated and Incubated Mature Skeletal Muscle from Mice
08:01

Measurement of Insulin- and Contraction-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Isolated and Incubated Mature Skeletal Muscle from Mice

Published on: May 16, 2021

6.1K

Area of Science:

  • Mitochondrial biology
  • Metabolic disease research
  • Cellular stress response

Background:

  • 75-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP75) is crucial for mitochondrial homeostasis and quality control.
  • Its role beyond a structural component in insulin action and metabolic disease remains to be fully elucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the non-structural roles of GRP75 in insulin sensitivity and insulin resistance.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of GRP75 in metabolic disorders.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro and in vivo models of insulin resistance, including high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity in mice.
  • Analysis of GRP75 expression, mitochondrial function, supercomplex assembly, and inflammatory pathways (cGAS/STING).

Main Results:

  • GRP75 expression was reduced in mice on an HFD; its induction ameliorated HFD-induced obesity and insulin resistance.
  • GRP75 regulates insulin sensitivity by modulating mitochondrial supercomplex turnover and respiratory chain activity.
  • GRP75 deficiency led to mitochondrial dysfunction, fragmentation, cytosolic mtDNA release, and activation of the cGAS/STING inflammatory pathway.

Conclusions:

  • GRP75 plays a critical role in maintaining mitochondrial function and insulin sensitivity.
  • GRP75 acts as a key regulator of mitochondrial supercomplex stability, independent of mitochondria-associated membrane communication.
  • GRP75 represents a promising therapeutic target for insulin resistance, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases.