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Nanometric flow and earthquake instability.

Hongyu Sun1, Matej Pec2

  • 1Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA. hongyus@mit.edu.

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|November 23, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nanocrystalline fault rocks are significantly weaker than microcrystalline ones, impacting fault stability. Their intrinsic weakening and rate-strengthening behavior influence earthquake nucleation differently than previously understood.

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Tectonics
  • Rock Mechanics

Background:

  • Fault zones accommodate tectonic block motion and control earthquake nucleation.
  • Nanocrystalline fault rocks in principal slip zones are key to fault stability, but their rheology is poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the rheology of nanocrystalline fault rocks.
  • To compare the strength of nanocrystalline and microcrystalline fault rocks.
  • To understand the implications of nanocrystalline rock rheology for fault stability and earthquake nucleation.

Main Methods:

  • Laboratory deformation experiments on fault rock samples under controlled conditions.
  • Measurement of rock strength, stress exponent (n), and activation energy (Q).

Main Results:

  • Nanocrystalline fault rocks are an order of magnitude weaker than microcrystalline ones under identical conditions.
  • Low measured stress exponent (n=1.3±0.4) and activation energy (Q=16,000±14,000 J/mol) indicate rate-strengthening behavior.
  • Fault failure occurs through the coalescence of weak nanocrystalline layers into a network, distinct from typical frictional instability.

Conclusions:

  • The intrinsic weakening of fault rocks upon nanocrystal formation significantly affects fault stability.
  • The observed rate-strengthening behavior and weak temperature sensitivity of nanocrystalline fault rocks have unique implications for earthquake processes.
  • Fault zone failure mechanisms involving coalescing weak layers represent a distinct instability mode compared to those governing crustal earthquakes.