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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Closed-loop wearable naloxone injector system.

Justin Chan1, Vikram Iyer2, Anran Wang3

  • 1Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. jucha@cs.washington.edu.

Scientific Reports
|November 23, 2021
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new wearable device automatically detects opioid overdose by monitoring breathing and delivers naloxone (a life-saving overdose reversal drug) when needed. This technology aims to improve outcomes for unwitnessed overdose events.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Non-medical opioid use can cause fatal respiratory failure.
  • Naloxone effectively reverses opioid toxicity but requires timely administration.
  • Unwitnessed overdose events present a challenge for prompt naloxone delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a closed-loop wearable injector system for automatic naloxone administration.
  • To detect opioid overdose events using on-body sensors measuring respiration and apneic motion.
  • To provide a technological solution for unwitnessed overdose events.

Main Methods:

  • A closed-loop system with on-body accelerometers was designed to monitor respiration and detect apnea.
  • The system was evaluated in a supervised injection facility (SIF) with 25 participants and in a hospital setting simulating apnea.
  • Naloxone (1.2 mg) was administered subcutaneously upon apnea detection, with delivery verified via blood draws.

Main Results:

  • The system accurately measured breathing rate and detected respiratory depression in the SIF compared to a respiratory belt.
  • The algorithm successfully identified simulated apneic events in the hospital setting.
  • All participants in the hospital setting received verified naloxone injections.

Conclusions:

  • A closed-loop wearable naloxone injector system shows promise for automatic overdose response.
  • This technology can complement harm reduction strategies by addressing unwitnessed overdose events.
  • The system has the potential to increase resuscitation success rates in opioid overdose emergencies.