Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Improving 2D and 3D Skin In Vitro Models Using Macromolecular Crowding
Published on: August 22, 2016
Skin in the game
Michael S Vaphiades1, Brendan Grondines1, Lanning B Kline1
1Departments of Ophthalmology and Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
Abstract:
A 23-year-old man with a history of migraine and focal seizures, developed painless visual loss in the left eye associated with optic disk edema. There was no recent history of cat exposure except for a cat that lives outside. Initial laboratory studies were negative. magnetic resonance imaging brain and orbits without and with fat suppression and intravenous contrast was normal. The patient admitted to routinely skinning, processing and consuming deer while not wearing gloves, and he also frequently had cuts on his hands while doing so. The serum Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibody returned at >400 (0-7.1 IU/mL) with the IgM at 10.4 (0-7.9 AU/mL).
Related Concept Videos
Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin...
Introduction to the Integumentary System
The skin, which is the primary organ of the integumentary system, consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue). The epidermis is the...
Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Skin Cancer
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Skin Diseases and Disorders
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Pigmentation
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...

