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Brain Imaging

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...

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Updated: Oct 12, 2025

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

Published on: November 13, 2016

TMS-induced brain connectivity modulation in Genetic Generalized Epilepsy.

Ioannis Vlachos¹, Dimitris Kugiumtzis², Dimitris G Tsalikakis³

¹1(st) Department of Clinical Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.

Clinical Neurophysiology : Official Journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology

|November 23, 2021

Summary

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) affects brain connectivity differently in Genetic Generalized Epilepsy (GGE) patients versus healthy individuals. This TMS-EEG analysis shows potential as a diagnostic biomarker for GGE.

Keywords:

Brain connectivity Brain network Diagnosis Genetic generalized epilepsy TMS–EEG

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Last Updated: Oct 12, 2025

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

A Multimodal Imaging- and Stimulation-based Method of Evaluating Connectivity-related Brain Excitability in Patients with Epilepsy

Published on: November 13, 2016

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Published on: June 13, 2025

Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: August 20, 2019

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Epilepsy Research
Biomarker Discovery

Background:

Epilepsy, particularly Genetic Generalized Epilepsy (GGE), involves altered brain activity.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) can influence brain activity, including epileptiform discharges.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the modulatory effects of TMS on brain connectivity in GGE patients.
To explore the potential of TMS-induced brain network changes as a diagnostic biomarker for GGE.

Main Methods:

A paired-pulse TMS-EEG protocol was used in 18 GGE patients and 11 healthy controls.
Brain network connectivity was analyzed using Coherence at local and global levels.
Pre- and post-TMS brain networks were compared to assess modulation.

Main Results:

Statistically significant differences in TMS-induced connectivity modulation were observed between GGE patients and controls.
The most significant difference was found in the gamma (γ) band connectivity modulation 1-3 seconds post-TMS (p=0.004).

Conclusions:

TMS differentially modulates brain connectivity in healthy individuals and those with GGE.
TMS-EEG connectivity analysis holds promise as a diagnostic biomarker for GGE.