Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks02:37

Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

6.0K
DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart,...
6.0K
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

24.0K
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
24.0K
Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells

2.8K
The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
2.8K
Diode: Reverse bias01:14

Diode: Reverse bias

1.1K
A diode is reverse-biased when the positive terminal of an external voltage source is connected to the n-type material and the negative terminal to the p-type material. This configuration opposes the natural direction of current flow through the diode, effectively increasing the width of the depletion region and the barrier potential. The reverse bias condition produces a minimal leakage current, primarily due to minority charge carriers. This leakage becomes significant when the reverse...
1.1K
Node Analysis for AC Circuits01:14

Node Analysis for AC Circuits

401
Consider an angioplasty system featuring a catheter equipped with a turbine, a critical tool for removing plaque deposits from coronary arteries. This intricate medical device operates using a circuit model reminiscent of a dual-node RLC circuit powered by a current-controlled voltage source.
To unravel the complexities of this system, nodal analysis is employed, a powerful technique founded on Kirchhoff's current law (KCL), which remains valid for phasors. AC circuits can effectively be...
401
The Buckingham Pi Theorem01:09

The Buckingham Pi Theorem

1.0K
The Buckingham Pi theorem provides a structured method to simplify fluid dynamics problems by reducing complex systems of variables to dimensionless terms.
1.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Evolution Mechanism and Thermal Transport Properties of Surface-Activated Bonded SiC/SiC Interfaces.

ACS applied materials & interfaces·2025
Same author

Association between the quality of plant-based diets and risk of thyroid dysfunction.

Food & function·2025
Same author

Threshold behavior and exponential ergodicity of an sir epidemic model: the impact of random jamming and hospital capacity.

Journal of mathematical biology·2023
Same author

Treatment strategies for the latent tuberculosis infections.

Journal of mathematical biology·2023
Same author

TIF-Reg: Point Cloud Registration with Transform-Invariant Features in SE(3).

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2021
Same author

Estimating the quarantine failure rate for COVID-19.

Infectious Disease Modelling·2021
Same journal

Modeling the impact of budget limitation on the screening and treatment pathway of HPV-induced precancerous cervical lesions.

Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE·2026
Same journal

Modeling the effects of trait-mediated dispersal on coexistence of two species: Competition and non-consumptive predator-prey.

Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE·2026
Same journal

A close look at the viral reduction rate in target cell limited models.

Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE·2026
Same journal

A stochastic agent-based model for simulating tumor-immune dynamics and evaluating therapeutic strategies.

Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE·2026
Same journal

Addressing domain shift via imbalance-aware domain adaptation in embryo development assessment.

Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE·2026
Same journal

Effect of drug resistance on an HIV epidemic in heterogeneous populations.

Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Creation of Two Saccular Elastase-Digested Aneurysms with Different Hemodynamics in One Rabbit
07:04

Creation of Two Saccular Elastase-Digested Aneurysms with Different Hemodynamics in One Rabbit

Published on: April 15, 2021

2.2K

Basic reinfection number and backward bifurcation.

Baojun Song1

  • 1Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Montclair State University, 1 Normal Avenue, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA.

Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering : MBE
|November 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epidemiological models can show backward bifurcation due to reinfection. This study introduces the basic reinfection number to measure this, aiding disease control strategies when reinfection is a factor.

Keywords:
basic reinfection numberbifurcationdifferential equationsdisease dynamics

More Related Videos

4D Printed Bifurcated Stents with Kirigami-Inspired Structures
06:52

4D Printed Bifurcated Stents with Kirigami-Inspired Structures

Published on: July 25, 2019

8.2K
Microsurgical Creation of Giant Bifurcation Aneurysms in Rabbits for the Evaluation of Endovascular Devices
07:21

Microsurgical Creation of Giant Bifurcation Aneurysms in Rabbits for the Evaluation of Endovascular Devices

Published on: September 8, 2023

815

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Creation of Two Saccular Elastase-Digested Aneurysms with Different Hemodynamics in One Rabbit
07:04

Creation of Two Saccular Elastase-Digested Aneurysms with Different Hemodynamics in One Rabbit

Published on: April 15, 2021

2.2K
4D Printed Bifurcated Stents with Kirigami-Inspired Structures
06:52

4D Printed Bifurcated Stents with Kirigami-Inspired Structures

Published on: July 25, 2019

8.2K
Microsurgical Creation of Giant Bifurcation Aneurysms in Rabbits for the Evaluation of Endovascular Devices
07:21

Microsurgical Creation of Giant Bifurcation Aneurysms in Rabbits for the Evaluation of Endovascular Devices

Published on: September 8, 2023

815

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Mathematical Biology
  • Infectious Disease Dynamics

Background:

  • Some epidemiological models exhibit bi-stable dynamics, a phenomenon known as backward bifurcation, even when the basic reproduction number ($R_0$) is below 1.
  • Causes for backward bifurcation include exogenous reinfection, super-infection, relapse, vaccination, and subpopulation heterogeneity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define a new threshold, the basic reinfection number, to quantify reinfection forces.
  • To characterize the type of bifurcation when the basic reproduction number equals one.
  • To provide a comprehensive measure for disease control when reinfections or relapses are significant.

Main Methods:

  • Definition of the basic reinfection number as a second threshold.
  • Analysis of epidemiological models to formulate the basic reinfection number.
  • Comparison of backward and forward bifurcation based on the basic reinfection number.

Main Results:

  • The basic reinfection number characterizes the bifurcation type when $R_0 = 1$.
  • A backward bifurcation occurs if the basic reinfection number is greater than one.
  • A forward bifurcation occurs if the basic reinfection number is less than or equal to one.

Conclusions:

  • The basic reproduction number and basic reinfection number together offer a complete measure for disease control in models with reinfection or relapse.
  • The study formulates the basic reinfection number for various epidemiological models.
  • This new metric enhances understanding and management of infectious diseases influenced by reinfection dynamics.