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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

281
AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
281
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
The ions and electrons produced interact with the fluctuating magnetic field created by a water-cooled...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

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In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
322
Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

341
During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance.
341
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Source term determination with elastic plume bias correction.

Ondřej Tichý1, Václav Šmídl1, Nikolaos Evangeliou2

  • 1The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Information Theory and Automation, Prague, Czech Republic.

Journal of Hazardous Materials
|November 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new method to improve atmospheric radionuclide emission estimates by correcting biases in atmospheric transport models. The technique enhances accuracy in nuclear emergency response and accident analysis.

Keywords:
Atmospheric pollutionBias correction methodNuclear accidentRadionuclide emissionSource inversion

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Nuclear Science

Background:

  • Accurate estimation of atmospheric radionuclide emissions is crucial for nuclear emergency response and accident analysis.
  • Current source term estimates are often inaccurate due to biases in atmospheric transport and meteorological data.
  • Existing methods lack robust bias correction, impacting the reliability of emergency response predictions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel method for atmospheric plume bias correction to improve source term estimation.
  • To enhance the accuracy of radionuclide release rate calculations by incorporating concentration gradient information.
  • To provide a versatile plume bias correction method applicable to various atmospheric hazardous material releases.

Main Methods:

  • Proposed an elastic model for plume bias correction, utilizing concentration gradients from neighborhood measurements.
  • Integrated information on concentration gradients already available from atmospheric transport models.
  • Employed regularization techniques based on the known topology of the measurement network for model stability.

Main Results:

  • Validated the methodology using data from the European Tracer Experiment.
  • Demonstrated the method's effectiveness in a challenging case involving Ruthenium-106 (¹⁰⁶Ru) over Europe in 2017.
  • Achieved significantly improved reconstruction of measurements compared to state-of-the-art estimates.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed plume bias correction method effectively reduces uncertainties in source term estimation.
  • The method can be coupled with existing source term estimation algorithms for immediate application.
  • This approach offers a significant advancement for nuclear safety and environmental monitoring.