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Related Concept Videos

Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Types of RNA01:23

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Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Riboswitches01:56

Riboswitches

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Riboswitches are non-coding mRNA domains that regulate the transcription and translation of downstream genes without the help of proteins. Riboswitches bind directly to a metabolite and can form unique stem-loop or hairpin structures in response to the amount of the metabolite present. They have two distinct regions – a metabolite-binding aptamer and an expression platform.
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches01:23

Transcriptional Regulation: Riboswitches

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Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
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RNA G-quadruplex structures control ribosomal protein production.

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This study reveals that four-stranded guanine-quadruplex (G4) structures in RNA regulate protein translation. Disrupting these RNA G4s impacts ribosomal protein production, suggesting therapeutic potential for diseases like cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Four-stranded guanine-quadruplex (G4) structures are known to form from guanine-rich sequences.
  • Their prevalence and function in cellular RNA remain largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the presence and role of endogenous RNA G4s in the human transcriptome.
  • To explore the impact of RNA G4s on protein translation, particularly for ribosomal proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized G4-interacting protein binding sites (DDX3X, DHX36, GRSF1) to identify potential RNA G4s.
  • Employed the BG4 antibody to detect folded RNA G4s in cross-linked cellular lysates.
  • Assessed the effect of G4 disruption and helicase depletion on translation in vitro and in cells.

Main Results:

  • Identified endogenous RNA G4s in the human cytoplasmic transcriptome, enriched in 5' UTRs of ribosomal protein mRNAs.
  • Demonstrated that disruption of these G4s impairs ribosomal protein translation in vitro.
  • Showed that inhibiting G4-resolving helicases or stabilizing G4s affects ribosomal protein mRNA translation in cells.

Conclusions:

  • RNA G4s are prevalent in the human transcriptome and play a significant role in regulating protein translation.
  • These structures offer a common mechanism for translational co-regulation, with implications for diseases involving translation dysregulation, such as cancer.