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Blinding01:11

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Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.
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Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which...
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The halo effect is a cognitive bias in which an individual's overall impression influences judgments about their specific traits. This psychological phenomenon leads people to associate positive characteristics with those they perceive as generally good and negative characteristics with those they view as bad. This effect is particularly influential in social perception, professional evaluations, and decision-making processes.The Psychological Basis of the Halo EffectThe halo effect is rooted...
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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
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Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!
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Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Measuring the Behavioral Effects of Intraocular Scatter
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Blinding peer review.

Michael A Taffe1

  • 1Department of Psychiatry and the Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, United States.

Elife
|November 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Anonymizing principal investigators in grant applications only slightly reduces the funding gap between white and Black researchers. Further interventions are needed to achieve equity in National Institutes of Health (NIH) research funding.

Area of Science:

  • Health Services Research
  • Health Disparities
  • Biomedical Research Funding

Background:

  • The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is a primary source of research funding in the United States.
  • Racial disparities in NIH grant application success rates have been documented, with white researchers historically having higher success rates than African American or Black researchers.
  • Understanding the factors contributing to these disparities is crucial for promoting equity in scientific research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of "concealing the identity" (double-blind review) of the principal investigator on NIH grant application success rates.
  • To determine if this anonymization strategy effectively closes the observed success gap between white and African American or Black researchers.

Main Methods:

Keywords:
cell biologyfundinghalo effectsmedicinenonepeer reviewracial biasracial disparities

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  • Analysis of NIH grant applications submitted under a "concealing the identity" pilot program.
  • Comparison of success rates between white and African American or Black principal investigators before and during the anonymized review period.
  • Statistical analysis to assess the significance of any observed changes in the success gap.

    • Main Results:

    • Concealing the principal investigator's identity led to a partial reduction in the success gap.
    • The funding gap between white and African American or Black researchers decreased but did not close entirely.
    • Other unmeasured factors likely continue to influence grant application outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • While anonymizing principal investigators can mitigate some bias, it is not a complete solution for addressing racial disparities in NIH grant funding.
    • Additional strategies are necessary to ensure equitable distribution of research funding across all racial groups.
    • Further research should explore other potential sources of bias in the grant review process.