Evaluation of Metallo-β-Lactamase Susceptibility Testing in a Physiologic Medium

Research in identifying alternative growth media that better mimic host conditions is gaining ground. Relative to nutrient-rich Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB), data on the influence of physiologic or host-mimicking media on metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) resistance are lacking. The objective was to evaluate meropenem susceptibility against clinical and engineered MBL-harboring Enterobacterales strains in a physiologic medium (urine). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) by broth microdilution was conducted with a wild-type Klebsiella pneumoniae strain and two engineered isogenic variants harboring K. pneumoniae carbapenemase 2 (KPC-2) or New Delhi MBL 1 (NDM-1), as well as two clinical K. pneumoniae isolates (harboring NDM-1 and VIM-1). MICs were determined in conventional cation-adjusted MHB (caMHB) and sterile-filtered urine samples (18 patients). All KPC- and MBL-harboring isolates were meropenem resistant (MICs of ≥16 mg/liter) in caMHB. AST of the KPC isolate in urine resulted in 50% (9/18 urine samples) essential agreement (i.e., within ±1 dilution, relative to the caMHB MIC), highlighting challenges with the use of urine as a medium capable of supporting AST. In the 9 AST-viable urine samples, meropenem MICs were 2- to 9-fold lower than that in caMHB (MIC of 32 mg/liter) among MBL-harboring isolates. Zinc concentrations determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry averaged 1.25 mg/liter and ranged from 0.12 to 1.14 mg/liter in caMHB and 18 urine samples, respectively. The full extent of MBL-mediated resistance among K. pneumoniae isolates appears to be attenuated in urine. Factors influencing free bioactive zinc levels warrant further investigation. IMPORTANCE Studies assessing antibiotic susceptibility profiles in nonconventional media are lacking. MBL-mediated resistance has come under scrutiny due to the dependence on extracellular zinc concentrations, which makes the choice of testing medium influential for β-lactam MICs. This study explores human urine as a physiologically relevant matrix with which susceptibility profiles of MBL-harboring isolates can be assessed, relative to conventional broth.