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Updated: Oct 12, 2025
A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
Published on: December 8, 2014
Management of Concussion and Persistent Post-Concussive Symptoms for Neurologists
John J Leddy1, Mohammad Nadir Haider2,3, James M Noble4
1UBMD Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA. leddy@buffalo.edu.
Purpose Of Review:
Concussion is a complex injury that may present as a variety of clinical profiles, which can overlap and reinforce one another. This review summarizes the medical management of patients with concussion and persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS).
Recent Findings:
Management of concussion and PPCS relies on identifying underlying symptom generators. Treatment options include sub-symptom threshold aerobic exercise, cervical physical therapy, vestibular therapy, vision therapy, cognitive rehabilitation, cognitive behavioral therapy, pharmacological management, or a combination of treatments. Evidence-based treatments have emerged to treat post-concussion symptom generators for sport-related concussion and for patients with PPCS.
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