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Related Concept Videos

Language01:16

Language

453
Language is a unique communication system that uses words and systematic rules to organize and transmit information. Unlike other forms of communication, which may involve postures, movements, odors, or vocalizations, language relies on symbols and grammar. This makes human communication distinct from that of other species, who also communicate but do not use language in the same way humans do.
Corballis and Suddendorf (2007) and Tomasello and Rakoczy (2003) highlight the role of language in...
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Language Development01:22

Language Development

529
Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
509
Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

504
Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
504
Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

1.8K
Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

26.0K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Image-based many-language programming language identification.

Francesca Del Bonifro1, Maurizio Gabbrielli1, Antonio Lategano1

  • 1University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.

Peerj. Computer Science
|November 26, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Image-based programming language identification (PLI) can now identify 149 languages with 92% accuracy using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and transfer learning. Symbols are key visual cues for language recognition.

Keywords:
Code snippetConvolutional neural networkDeep learningImage recognitionMachine learningProgramming language identificationSource code

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Software Engineering

Background:

  • Programming Language Identification (PLI) is crucial for automatic program comprehension.
  • Image-based PLI methods offer potential for analyzing code from screenshots and videos.
  • Existing image-based PLI techniques are limited to a small number of programming languages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the feasibility of large-scale image-based PLI for numerous programming languages.
  • To achieve high precision and recall in identifying programming languages from images.
  • To identify which character types are most influential in visual programming language recognition.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) combined with transfer learning.
  • Trained models on a large dataset of 300,000 code snippets from GitHub.
  • Analyzed the impact of character classes (symbols, alphabetic, digits, indentation) on identification accuracy.

Main Results:

  • Achieved 92% precision and recall for image-based PLI across 149 programming languages.
  • Demonstrated the effectiveness of transfer learning with pre-trained CNNs for this task.
  • Identified symbols as the most critical visual features, followed by alphabetic characters, for PLI.

Conclusions:

  • Image-based PLI is scalable to a large number of programming languages.
  • CNNs and transfer learning are effective for large-scale image-based PLI.
  • Visual features like symbols significantly contribute to the recognizability of programming languages.