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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Neural Regulation01:37

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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Neuroplasticity01:01

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Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

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Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Epigenetic regulation of nervous system development and function.

Jessica L MacDonald1, Suzanne Tharin2, Sarah E Hall3

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Epigenetic mechanisms, like DNA methylation, are crucial for brain development and maintenance. Understanding these processes is key to brain plasticity, learning, memory, and neurodegeneration research.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, are fundamental to establishing and maintaining brain function.
  • These mechanisms regulate gene expression, ensuring cellular identity and plasticity for environmental adaptation.
  • The definition of epigenetics is evolving, particularly within the context of the nervous system.

Discussion:

  • This special issue aims to clarify the diverse roles of epigenetic mechanisms in nervous system development and function.
  • It provides a platform to discuss the precise scope and definition of epigenetics in neuroscience.
  • The collection highlights epigenetic regulation across all neuronal stages, from development to neurodegeneration.

Key Insights:

  • Epigenetic regulation is vital for neuronal development, learning, memory, and is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases.
  • A comprehensive understanding of epigenetic mechanisms is essential for addressing complex neurological conditions.
  • The plasticity of the brain relies heavily on dynamic epigenetic modifications.

Outlook:

  • Future research will further elucidate the intricate epigenetic landscape of the brain.
  • Continued investigation into epigenetics offers potential therapeutic targets for neurological disorders.
  • Defining the boundaries of epigenetics will refine research in neurobiology and related fields.