Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Carrier Generation and Recombination01:22

Carrier Generation and Recombination

868
Carrier generation is the process by which electron-hole pairs (EHPs) are created within the semiconductor. In direct-bandgap semiconductors, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), this occurs efficiently when energy absorption prompts valence electrons to leap into the conduction band, leaving behind holes.
This process is given by the generation rate G and is efficient due to the conservation of momentum between the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum.
Indirect generation involves an...
868
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

16.4K
Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
16.4K
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

7.7K
The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
7.7K
Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

3.3K
Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
3.3K
Neural Circuits01:25

Neural Circuits

1.8K
Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
Neuronal pools are collections of nerve cells with similar functions and interact through chemical and electrical signals. These pools include both interneurons (the central neural circuit nodes that...
1.8K
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

10.1K
Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
10.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The m<sup>6</sup>A reader protein YTHDF2 facilitates HTLV-1 infectious and mitotic propagation by stabilizing Tax RNA.

Journal of virology·2026
Same author

Deep Learning-Driven Bus Short-Term OD Demand Prediction via a Physics-Guided Adaptive Graph Spatio-Temporal Attention Network.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Splicing-dependent restriction of the HBZ gene by Tax underlies biphasic HTLV-1 infection.

PLoS pathogens·2025
Same author

The Effect of Travel-Chain Complexity on Public Transport Travel Intention: A Mixed-Selection Model.

International journal of environmental research and public health·2023
Same author

IvCDS: An End-to-End Driver Simulator for Personal In-Vehicle Conversational Assistant.

International journal of environmental research and public health·2022
Same author

QAScore-An Unsupervised Unreferenced Metric for the Question Generation Evaluation.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2022
Same journal

Research on a Regional Availability Evaluation Model for Road-Area High-Entropy Energy Based on Synergy Factors.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Atmospheric Turbulence Channel Modeling and Performance Analysis of a CO-ZP-OFDM Coherent Optical Communication System for UAV Air-to-Ground Scenarios.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Information Geometry and Asymptotic Theory for SMML Estimators.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Correlation Entropy and Power-Law Kinetics.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Research on the Contagion of Systemic Financial Risk Under the Impact of Climate Risks-From the Perspective of Complex Networks and Machine Learning.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

The Statistical-Mechanical Meaning of the Wave Function of Quantum Mechanics.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

731

Multi-Hop Question Generation Using Hierarchical Encoding-Decoding and Context Switch Mechanism.

Tianbo Ji1, Chenyang Lyu2, Zhichao Cao1

  • 1School of Transportation and Civil Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a hierarchical encoding-decoding mechanism to improve neural question generation by reducing semantic drift. The new model enhances text generation stability and performance, outperforming existing methods.

Keywords:
hierarchical encoding-decodingmulti-hop question generationsyntactic knowledge

More Related Videos

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

5.5K
Hierarchical and Programmable One-Pot Oligosaccharide Synthesis
09:56

Hierarchical and Programmable One-Pot Oligosaccharide Synthesis

Published on: September 6, 2019

6.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
05:30

Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit

Published on: September 8, 2023

731
Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies
05:22

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: May 9, 2019

5.5K
Hierarchical and Programmable One-Pot Oligosaccharide Synthesis
09:56

Hierarchical and Programmable One-Pot Oligosaccharide Synthesis

Published on: September 6, 2019

6.9K

Area of Science:

  • Natural Language Processing
  • Artificial Intelligence
  • Computational Linguistics

Background:

  • Neural auto-regressive sequence-to-sequence models are standard for text generation, including question generation.
  • These models often struggle with global and local semantic drift, impacting output quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a hierarchical encoding-decoding mechanism to address semantic drift in neural text generation.
  • To enhance the structure information encoding and stabilize the decoding phase for question generation.

Main Methods:

  • Hierarchically encoding input passages at word, chunk, sentence, and document levels.
  • Progressively selecting context vectors from document to word levels during decoding.
  • Implementing a context switch mechanism for improved generation stability and incorporating syntactic parsing knowledge.

Main Results:

  • The proposed model significantly improves performance in question generation tasks.
  • Outperforms previous baseline models in both automatic and human evaluations.
  • Demonstrates enhanced stability during the text generation process.

Conclusions:

  • The hierarchical encoding-decoding mechanism effectively mitigates semantic drift in neural text generation.
  • The model offers a substantial improvement over existing methods for question generation.
  • The approach provides a stable and high-performing solution for complex text generation challenges.