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Related Concept Videos

Green Algae01:21

Green Algae

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Green algae, also referred to as chlorophytes, are different from red algae in having the chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b, which give them their distinct green hue. However, they lack phycobiliproteins, preventing them from developing the red or blue-green pigmentation seen in red algae. In terms of photosynthetic pigment composition, green algae closely resemble plants and share a close evolutionary relationship with them. Taxonomically Green algae belong to Phylum Chlorophyta in...
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Red Algae01:23

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Red algae, also known as rhodophytes, are primarily found in marine environments, though some species inhabit freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. These organisms exist in both unicellular and multicellular forms, with some multicellular varieties reaching macroscopic sizes.As phototrophic organisms, red algae contain chlorophyll a; however, their chloroplasts lack chlorophyll b. Instead, they possess phycobiliproteins, which serve as major light-harvesting pigments, similar to those found in...
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Overview of Algae01:28

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The kingdom Archaeplastida encompasses red and green algae, along with land plants. Unlike other protists with chloroplasts that arose through secondary endosymbiosis, only red and green algae originated from primary endosymbiotic events. This diverse group of eukaryotic organisms contains chlorophyll and performs oxygenic photosynthesis.Algae exist in various forms, from large brown kelp in coastal waters to green scum in puddles and stains on rocks or soil. Some species are responsible for...
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Microalgae Xanthophylls: From Biosynthesis Pathway and Production Techniques to Encapsulation Development.

Slim Smaoui1, Mohamed Barkallah2, Hajer Ben Hlima2

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Summary

Microalgal xanthophylls, including astaxanthin and fucoxanthin, are high-value compounds. This review covers their diversity, extraction, biosynthesis, and advanced encapsulation techniques for wider applications.

Keywords:
biosynthesisencapsulationextractionmicroalgaeprocessesxanthophylls

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Natural Products Chemistry
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Xanthophylls from microalgae have garnered significant scientific and industrial attention over the past two decades.
  • These high-value compounds possess diverse chemical structures and biological functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of xanthophylls derived from microalgae.
  • To detail their chemical diversity, extraction methods, biosynthetic pathways, and recent advancements in encapsulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on xanthophylls from microalgae.
  • Analysis of chemical diversity, extraction techniques (conventional and innovative), and biosynthetic pathways.
  • Review of recent encapsulation methods (spray drying, freeze drying, gelation, emulsification, coacervation).

Main Results:

  • Detailed the chemical diversity of xanthophylls based on producer microorganisms.
  • Discussed conventional and innovative extraction techniques.
  • Reviewed biosynthetic pathways and clarified the function of key xanthophylls like astaxanthin and fucoxanthin.
  • Updated knowledge on advanced encapsulation techniques for astaxanthin and fucoxanthin.

Conclusions:

  • This review consolidates current knowledge on microalgal xanthophylls, aiding students and researchers in chemical/metabolic engineering, chemistry, and natural products.
  • Highlights the importance of understanding xanthophylls for potential applications and further research.