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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Imaging Studies I: CT and MRI01:14

Imaging Studies I: CT and MRI

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Introduction: MRI and CT scans are crucial advancements in medical imaging techniques, playing a vital role in diagnosing conditions related to the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Each scan serves distinct purposes, targets specific areas, and requires unique nursing duties.
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Computed Tomography (CT) scan:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Using a Knee Arthrometer to Evaluate Tissue-specific Contributions to Knee Flexion Contracture in the Rat
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Knee Capsule Anatomy: An MR Imaging and Cadaveric Study.

Aristeidis H Zibis1, Evangelia E Vassalou2,3, Vasileios A Raoulis1

  • 1Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 3 University Str, Biopolis, 41110 Larissa, Greece.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may underestimate knee capsule extent. Anatomical knowledge of knee capsule attachments is crucial for safe external fixator pin placement.

Keywords:
MR arthrographyMR imaging/knee jointcadavers/knee jointexternal fixatorintra-capsular insertionknee joint capsule

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Radiology
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • The synovial capsule's anatomical insertion around the knee is vital for joint stability.
  • Accurate measurement of capsular reflections is essential for surgical planning, particularly for external fixator pin placement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare measurements of the knee's synovial capsule attachments using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and cadaveric specimens.
  • To evaluate the accuracy of MR imaging in depicting the distal extent of the knee capsule.

Main Methods:

  • Measurements of femoral and tibial capsular reflections were taken in 50 knee MR imaging studies with large intraarticular effusion.
  • Corresponding measurements were validated using 20 fresh frozen cadaveric specimens.
  • Measurements were recorded in three coronal planes (anterior, middle, posterior) for both lateral and medial sides.

Main Results:

  • MR imaging measurements of femoral capsular reflections showed no significant difference compared to cadaveric specimens.
  • MR imaging significantly underestimated tibial capsular reflections compared to cadaveric measurements, except on the lateral posterior aspect.
  • The greatest femoral and tibial capsular reflections were observed anteriorly and laterally in the anterior plane.

Conclusions:

  • MR imaging may underestimate the distal extent of the knee capsule, particularly for tibial attachments.
  • Understanding precise knee capsule anatomy is critical for the safe insertion of external fixator pins.
  • Radiologists and orthopedic surgeons should be aware of potential MR imaging limitations in assessing capsular dimensions.