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Updated: Oct 12, 2025

A Syngeneic Mouse Model of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma for Quantitative and Longitudinal Assessment of Preclinical Therapies
06:38

A Syngeneic Mouse Model of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma for Quantitative and Longitudinal Assessment of Preclinical Therapies

Published on: April 12, 2017

13.8K

Risk Stratification and Treatment Algorithm of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma

Marc-Oliver Grimm1, Katharina Leucht1, Susan Foller1

  • 1Department of Urology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller University, 7743 Jena, Germany.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|November 27, 2021
PubMed

Insights

Systemic therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma has advanced, with PD(L)-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and VEGFR-TKI combinations now standard first-line treatments. Patient-specific risk stratification and counseling are crucial for optimal treatment selection.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Medical treatment

Background:

  • Systemic therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) has significantly evolved over the past 20 years.
  • Recent advancements include the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and combination therapies.
  • These novel treatments have led to improved overall survival and quality of life for patients with advanced mRCC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evolution of systemic therapy for mRCC.
  • To highlight the current landscape of first-line treatment options, including ICI and VEGFR-TKI combinations.
  • To emphasize the importance of risk stratification and patient counseling in treatment selection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical trials and treatment guidelines for mRCC.
  • Analysis of the efficacy and safety profiles of approved systemic therapies.
  • Discussion of risk stratification criteria, such as the International Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Database Consortium (IMDC) criteria.

Main Results:

  • Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (VEGFR-TKI) monotherapy is no longer the standard first-line treatment.
  • Combination therapies involving PD(L)-1 immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) are now the preferred first-line option.
  • Approved first-line options include nivolumab and ipilimumab, alongside three VEGFR-TKI/ICI combinations.

Conclusions:

  • The treatment paradigm for mRCC has shifted towards combination therapies, particularly involving ICI.
  • Risk stratification using IMDC criteria is essential for guiding treatment decisions.
  • Individualized patient counseling regarding efficacy, side effects, and quality of life is paramount for optimal therapeutic outcomes.
Keywords:
avelumabaxitinibcabozantinibimmune-checkpoint inhibitorsipilimumabnivolumabpembrolizumabrenal cell carcinoma

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