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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Implantation and Evaluation of Melanoma in the Murine Choroid via Optical Coherence Tomography

Implantation and Evaluation of Melanoma in the Murine Choroid via Optical Coherence Tomography

Published on: December 2, 2022

Uveal Melanoma Metastasis.

Ernesto Rossi¹, Michela Croce², Francesco Reggiani³

¹Medical Oncology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.

|November 27, 2021

Summary

Uveal melanoma (UM) has limited treatment options due to its unique molecular profile and tumor microenvironment. New therapies targeting YAP/TAZ pathways and immune checkpoints offer hope for improving patient survival.

Keywords:

immune checkpoint molecular classification targeted therapy tumorigenesis uveal melanoma

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Oncology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Uveal melanoma (UM) has few molecular alterations, but their link to metastatic risk is understood.
Current therapies have not improved survival for metastatic UM patients.
Driver mutations in GNAQ/GNA11 activate MAP-kinase and YAP/TAZ pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current understanding of UM's molecular landscape and therapeutic challenges.
To explore emerging therapeutic strategies for UM, including novel drug targets and immunotherapies.

Main Methods:

Literature review of UM molecular alterations, metastatic risk factors, and therapeutic responses.
Analysis of current and investigational treatment modalities for UM.
Evaluation of the role of the tumor microenvironment in UM therapy resistance.

Main Results:

UM's low mutational burden and specific immune microenvironment limit the efficacy of standard immunotherapies.
Targeting the YAP/TAZ pathway, which is activated by driver mutations, is a promising therapeutic avenue.
Limited success of MEK inhibitors highlights the need for therapies addressing alternative signaling pathways.

Conclusions:

Despite advances in understanding UM's molecular drivers, effective treatments for metastatic disease remain elusive.
Emerging strategies like T-cell redirection, liver-specific therapies, and YAP/TAZ inhibitors show potential for improving UM outcomes.
Addressing the pro-tumorigenic microenvironment is crucial for overcoming therapy resistance in UM.